Vocabularies

(Please slide)➡️ ➡️ ⬆️ Scroll up ----------------------------- 🇰🇷 Grammar pattern 🇰🇷 (part2)¥ 때 / ㄹ 때 / 을 때 ...when 려고요 / 려고 하다 ...try to ,in order to do, be about to,to intend or to plan to do 그런데/ ㄴ데 /는데 /하지만 / 지만 ... however/ But ㄹ 것이다 / 을 것이다 / ㄹ 거다 / 을 거다 ...Be Going To.. future tense declarative sentence ending. ㄹ 게요 / 을 게요 ....will 에/ 에서 ...To ,AT,ON/ IN FROM (보터 ) 까지 (에서) 까지..From ,To , Until, By 전에 / 기 전에 .... AGO/BEFORE 동안/ 는 동안 ... While , During 고 싶다 ... Want to 기 싫다 ...Don't want to 주 세요/ 주세요/해주세요 ... Please Do It For Me ㄹ줄 알다 / 을 줄 알다 , 모르다... Do you know how to do it--know / don't know. ㄹ 수 있다 , 을 수 있다/ 없다.... CAN'T , CAN BE ABLE TO 봤다 / 어 봤다 / 해 봤다 ...HAVE YOU EVER DONE IT?( EXPERIENCE 2) 본 적이 있다 / 어 본 적이 있다 ... HAVE YOU EVER DONE , HAVE YOU, EXPERIENCE. 거든요.. (reason) (attention getter) (Disagreement) Verb/adjective -아/어야 되다/ 하다...... should ,need to. 까지.. (until) 부터 .. (FROM ) 아야/어야 되다 : need , most ,have, should 고 나서 : after Diong / and then / it is used to express that the finishing of one behavior is followed by the beginning of subsequent behavior. V- (으) 십시오 : please/ it is used when ordering or soliciting in a formal situation V- (으) 려면 : if intend , if plan / it expresses the intention of executing a given goal or the willingness to do something. A/V-지만 : but / it is used to connect two clauses that are opposite to or in contrast with each other. N- 보다 : than / it is used as part of the sentence that is being compared. A/V- 다고 하다 : I heard that / it is used to indicate something you heard from other, -다고 하다 (present) -았/있 다고 (past) -(으)ㄹ 거라고 하다 (future). V- 자고 하다 : (He said)-(she said) to suggest someone do - it is used for a quoted propositive sentence. V-(으)라고 하다 : to tell (someone) to do (something)/ it is used for a quoted commanding sentences to someone : (ex) my dad (said ) eat your breakfast quickly -(indirect) my dad told me to eat breakfast quickly. A/V- 냐고 하다 : ask /suggest: it is used when you wonna say someone question or suggestions to somebody else...(ex) He asking if you can come with us today. My friend suggests how about we gather there.

Please slide ➡️➡️ ⬆️ Scroll up -------------------------- 🇰🇷(Grammar pattern )🇰🇷 안 도 되다 / 안 어도 되다 / 안 해도되다 .... don't have to 면 안 되다 / 으 면 안 되다 ...Not allowed , shouldn't ㄹ래요? / 을래요 ...will you? Would you? Want to .... ㄹ까요? / 을 까요 ? ....shall we? Shall I? Why don't we? 보이다 / 어 보이다 / 해 보이다 ...it looks , it seems - (아마 , 아마도 ) ㄹ걸요 / 을 거요 ... probably, maybe 는 게 어때요? ...why don't we? Why don't you? How about? Make a suggestion paano Kong Gawin natin ito...? 도 되다 / 어도 되다 / 해도 되다 ...Be allowed to , may I ? Can I? 네요 .. surprised 것 같다 ...I guess , I think 지요 / 죠 ... isn't it ? Right? Of course it is 니까/ 으니까 .... Because/ so / since 세요 / 으세요 .... Please do it (command) 시다 / 으시다 .... More polite / Honorific 지 마세요 ... Please don't do that 러 / 으 러 (가다 ,오다 ) ....to go /purpose To go ,come in regular time 래요 / 대요... Said / Heard (만약 , 만약에) 면 / 으 면 ....if 는 것 : ING 나다 : subject marker 이/ 가 topic marker 은/는 내다 : object marker 을 / 를 하고 : and / with 에 : on / to / in the...it is used to tell about the location or the place where the subject exist.....it is used to tell the direction or the destination of the action. 에서 : at / in the / from ... action na ginagawa mo sa loob ng Lugar 또 : again 더 : more 도 : also (으)로 : to ...it expresses the direction of a locomotive verb. 네요 : surprise (으)러 가다 : to go (으)면 : if ㅂ/습니까 - ㅂ/ 습니다 : Am / is / are A/V - 아서/어서 : because , so , and , therefore V -기 쉽다 / 어렵다 : to easy / to difficult --it means that it is easy or difficult for the verb to do the action. V - 아/어 보다 : try to ...it expresses trying out or experiencing an action. 아/어 보세요 : try something, 아/어 봤어요 have the experience. 게 : Ly 이따가 : (a little) later 있다가 : staying (somewhere) and then 밖에 : only ...No Other options only that.. emphasize that something is the (only) option available. 만 : only... something is the only thing the exception. 다가 : while (으) 면서 : while V-(으)면 되다 : can / it indicates that there is no problem or sufficient if any action or state is established.

⬇️⬆️ (잖아요 : GRAMMAR ) -------------------------------- USE : AS YOU KNOW, DID'NT I TOLD YOU? ALAM MO NAMAN DIBA EX : reminding the speaker they both know the answer NOUN add 이/가 잖아요.......................... 1.) 마리 씨가 일본어를 정말 잘하네요. - 마리 씨는 일본에서 공부했잖아요. 지난번에 마리 씨가 말했는데 생각 안나요? Mary is really good at Japanese. - (As you know) Mary studied in Japan. Don't you remember that she told us last time (we met). 2.) 이번에도 안나 씨가 1등을 하네요. - 안나 씨는 항상 열심히 공부하잖아요. Anna got the 1st place again this time. - (As you know) Anna always studied hard. --------------------------------------------------------------- ( 아/어 놓다 : GRAMMAR ) -------------------------------------- USE: KEEP IT THAT WAY, DO IT IN ADVANCE LEAVE IT THAT WAY EX: ACTION IN THE FUTURE (TO DO THE VERB IN ADVANCE FOR FUTURE USE. Verb + -아/어 놓다: 끄다 -- 꺼 놓다 (turn sth off in advance) 싸다 -- 싸 놓다 (wrap sth beforehand) 열다 -- 열 놓다 (keep sth open) 정리하다 -- 정리해 놓다 (clean in advance) 예약하다 -- 예약해 놓다 (book in advance) 돈을 찾다 -- 돈을 찾아 놓다 (withdraw money beforehand)..........날씨가 더우니까 제가 회의실에 미리 가서 에어컨을 틀어 놓을게요. Since it is hot, I will go to the meeting room in advance and turn on the air conditioner. --------------------------------------------------------------- ( A/V - (으)ㄹ텐데 : GRAMMAR ) ----------------------------------------------- USE: would , suppose , must be ..(So/but) Express an expected future situation.으)ㄹ 텐데 is used to express an assumption about an expected or intended future situation, in which the 1st clause gives an intention or expectation in a future event, so the 2nd clause gives a corresponding suggestion or advice = would, suppose, must be…Adjective/ Verb 1.)..+ -(으)ㄹ 텐데 (Present tense) = would, suppose, must be... 작다 --> 작을 텐데 (must be small) 바쁘다 --> 바쁠 텐데 (must be busy) 2.)...Adjective/ Verb + -았/었을 텐데 (Past tense) 작다 --> 작았을 텐데 (would have been small) 3.)..Noun + 일 텐데 (Present tense) = would, suppose, must be... 부자 --> 부자일 텐데 (must be the rich) 학생 --> 학생일 텐데 (must be a student) 4.)...Noun + 였을/이었을 텐데 (Past tense) 부자 --> 부자였을 텐데 (would have been the rich) --------------------------------------------------------------- ( A/V - (으) ㄹ 걸요 : GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------ Use: (probably , I think) express assumption base on backup knowledge. 오후 6시에 출발할까요? - 퇴근시간이라서 길이 많이 막힐걸요. Shall we leave at 6 pm? - It is rush hour, so the traffic will probably be jammed. 나미 씨랑 극장에 ‘국제시장’을 보러 가기로 해요. - 나미 씨가 벌써 가 봤을걸요. 이 영화가 너무 유명하거든요. I am planning to go to watch the movie “the international market” with Nami. - I think she has already watched the movie. Because this movie is very famous. ----------------------------------------------------------------- (는 / (으)ㄴ 편이다 : GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------ Use: rather A, tend to V...(than usual) Examples:1.) 안나 씨가 남자 친구는 체격이 어때요? - 제 남자친구는 키가 크고 조금 통통한 편이에요. Anna, what does your boyfriend look like? - My boyfriend is (rather )tall and a little chubby. 1.) 수지 씨 회사 사람들은 회식을 자주 해요? - 네, 일주일에 한 번씩은 하니까 자주 하는 편이지요. Suzy, do your company people eat out often? - Yes, Since we eat out once a week, so we (tend to) do that often. 2.)그는 커피에 비해서 녹차를 많이 마시는 편이에요. He (tends to) drink more green tea than coffee. -----------------------------------------------------------------

⬇️⬆️ (-기 때문에 and -이기 때문에 : grammar ) ------------------------------------------------------------ Use : because of, due to, since 1. 기 때문에 – Expressing a reason or cause (general use) Used to express a reason or cause for a situation, like “because of” or “due to.” 날씨가 좋기 때문에 우리는 공원에 갔어요. We went to the park because the weather was good..................................................... N 때문에 – When a noun is the cause or reason in the sentence Used when the noun is the cause or reason of the sentence (not the subject). 비 때문에 경기가 취소되었어요. The game was canceled because of the rain.

⬇️⬆️ ( A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐 : Grammar ) ------------------------------------------- USE: be worried/afraid that express concern about something Tense: Adjective / Verb + -ㄹ/을까 봐 (Present tense) 사다 -> 살까 봐 (be afraid that he would buy it) 작다 -> 작을까 봐 (be afraid that it would be small) Examples: 1.) 눈이 오는데 등산 가려고요? - 아니요, 눈 때문에 길이 미끄러울까 봐 등산화를 신고 나가려고요. Are planning to climb mountain while It’s snowing? - No, I wear the climbing boots to go out because I am worried that the road would be slippery. 2.) 밍 씨, 시험 잘 봤어요? - 아니요, 너무 못 봤어요. 시험에 떨어질까 봐 걱정이에요. Minh, did you do your exam well? - No, I didn't do well at all. I am worried that I would fail the exam. ------------------------------------------------------------ (아도/어도/여도 : GRAMMAR) ------------------------------------------- USE : Even though, Even if You can make two sentences linked with ‘그래도’ into one sentence by using ‘아도/어도/여도’. The conjugation is very simple, it is just ‘Present tense without 요’ + ‘도’. In this case, it will be more natural to translate it as ‘even though’ or ‘even if.Ex) 먹다(to eat) – 먹어요(I eat) – 먹어도 (even if I eat…)........................................................ 아프다 (to be sick) – 아파요 (I’m sick) – 아파도 (even if I’m sick).................................... 공부하다 (to study) – 공부해요 (I study) – 공부해도 (even if I study)............................

⬇️⬆️ (A-ㄴ/은가 보다, V-나 보다 :grammar ) -------------------------------------------------------- Use : ( guess ,must be ) ~express inference or assumption based on an objective basis 1.)선생님이 요즘 많이 바쁘신가 봐요. The teacher must be very busy these days. 2.)지금 퇴근 시간인가 봐요. 지하철에 사람들이 많아요. I guess it is time to go home. There are a lot of people on the subway. ------------------------------------------------------------ A-아/어지다: GRAMMAR ------------------------------------ USE :to get/become Usage: - Turn an adjective into a verb to express a change in state over time = to get/become A Ex: 좋다 --> 좋아지다 (to become good) 따뜻하다 --> 따뜻해지다 (to become warm) 길다 --> 길어지다 (to become long) 건강하다 --> 건강해지다 (to become healthy) *다르다 --> 달라지다 (to become different) *빨갛다 --> 빨개지다 (to become red) *덥다 --> 더워지다 (to become hot) *춥다 --> 추워지다 (to become cold) *어둡다 --> 어두워지다 (to become dark) Examples: 1. 풍건이 커졌어요. The balloon became bigger. 2. 다이어트를 한 후에 날씬해졌어요. After having diet, I have become thin. 3. 매일 운동하면 건강이 좋아져요. If you exercise everyday, you will become healthy.

⬇️⬆️ ( A/V-ㄴ/은/는 대신(에) GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------------ USE : instead of,but compensate for, but ~action is replaced by another Adjective + -(ㅇ)ㄴ 대신에 = instead of,but 비싸다 -- 비싼 대신에(expensive but...) 작다 -- 작은 대신에 (small but....) *길다 -- 긴 대신에 (long but...) 나쁘다 -- 나쁜 대신에 (bad but...) 맛있다 -- 맛있는 대신에 (delicious but...) Verb + -는 대신에 = instead of, compensate for 쓰다 -- 쓰는 대신에 (instead if writing) 자다 -- 자는 대신에 (instead of sleeping) 보다 -- 보는 대신에 (instead of watching) Noun + 대신에 = instead of N 주스 -- 주스 대신에 (instead of juice) Examples: A + -(ㅇ)ㄴ 대신에 = instead of, but 1. 이 옷은 예쁜 대신에 가격이 비싸요. This dress is expensive but pretty. 2. 월급이 적은 대신에 근부 시간이 짧아요. The salary is low, but the working hours are short.

⬇️⬆️ ( 거나 ) "or" ------------------ (Noun) or (Noun): ~(이)나 (Verb) or (Verb): ~거나 – 거나 Grammar Lesson – How to Say “or” in Korean Examples 내일은 영화를 보거나 등산을 갈 거예요. ------------ = Tomorrow I will either see a movie(or) go hiking. 행복하거나 친구랑 있을 땐 술을 마셔요. ------------- = When I’m happy( or )with friends I drink alcohol. 외로울 때는 책을 읽거나 영화를 봐요. ------------ = When I’m lonely I read a book (or)watch a movie. ------------------------------------------------------------- N(이)나 grammar = or, up to ~express choice or amount of something in Korean Examples: Noun ending in vowel + 나: 잡지나 신문을 봐요. = I read magazine or newspaper . 참외나 수박을 사요. = I buy Korean melon or watermelon 바다나 산에 가요. = I go to the sea or mountain. Noun ending in consonant + 이나: 신문이나 잡지를 봐요. = I read newspaper or magazine. 물이나 맥주를 마셔요. = I drink beer or water. 산이나 바다에 가요. = I go to the mountain or sea. 1. 이참에 빵이나 라면을 먹어요. I eat bread or noodle in the morning. 2. 방학에 호주나 유럽에 가고 싶어요. I want to go to the Australia or Europe during the school vacation. 3. 어머니나 아버지가 요리해요. My mother or father cooks.

⬇️⬆️ ( N - 중이다 / V -는 중이다 : GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------------------- USE : in the middle of N/V, currently doing - Indicate that the subject is in the process of performing an action = “in the process/ middle of N/V” or “currently doing” - V-는 중이다 and V-고 있다 have similar usage. However, while V-고 있다 can be used with any subjects, V-는 중이다 cannot be used with subjects representing natural phenomena (rain, snow, wind, fire…) Noun + 중: 임신 중 = in pregnancy 회의 중 = in the middle of a meeting Verb + 는 중: 가다 -- 가는 중 = on the way, currently going 찾다 -- 찾는 중 = in the middle of searching, currently searching Examples: 1. 그 건물은 공사 중입니다./ 그 건물은 공사하는 중입니다. That building is under construction. 2. 지금 집에 가는 중이에요. I am on the way home. 3. 집을 이사하고 싶어서 집을 찾는 중이에요. I want to move house, so I’m looking for a new one.

⬇️⬆️ N 동안, V-는 동안 grammar ----------------------------------------- Use : during /for N, while V-ing Usage: - Indicate the time period when a certain action begins and lasts until it ends = ‘during/ for N’ / ‘while V-ing’ - In the V-는 동안 grammar, the subjects of the first and second clauses can be either same or different. However, in the V-(으)면서 grammar, the subject of both clauses must be the same. Noun + 동안: 30분 동안 = during/for 30 min 한 달 동안 = for a month 방학 동안 = during school vacation 휴가 동안 = during holiday Verb + 는 동안: 가는 동안 = while going 읽는 동안 = while reading 일하는 동안 = while working *사는 동안 = while living Examples: 1. 어제 12 시간 동안 잤어요. Yesterday, I slept for 12 hours. 2. 곰은 겨울 동안에 겨울잠을 자요. Bears hibernate during winter. 3. 동생이 텔레비전을 보는 동안 나는 숙제를 했어요. I did my homework while my younger brother was watching TV. 4. 방학 동안에 뭐 할 거예요? - 친척 집을 방문할 거예요. What will you do during the vacation? - I will visit my relatives’ home.

⬇️⬆️ 지 말고 말다 + 고: GRAMMAR ---------------------------------------------- rather than this, than that , instead Conjugation of VERB + 지 말고 VERB + 지 말고 -지 말고” is used with verbs to emphasize ‘don’t do this, but do that. ------------------------------------------------------------ “말고” is primarily used with nouns to suggest ‘not this, but that’ or ‘instead of this, that’, while “-지 말고” is used with verbs to emphasize ‘don’t do this, but do that’. Mastering these structures will add depth to your Korean conversation skills and help you express a wide range of emotions and directives more accurately Take a verb i.e. 가다 Drop “다” i.e. 가 Add 지 말고 i.e. 가지 말고 (Don’t go and/instead of going) 먹다 –> 먹 + 지 말고 –> 먹지 말고 (Instead of eating) 오다 –> 오 + 지 말고 –> 오지 말고 (Instead of coming) 보다 –> 보 + 지 말고 –> 보지 말고 (Instead of looking) 하다 –> 하 + 지 말고–> 하지 말고 (Instead of doing)

⬇️⬆️ N 덕분에, A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 : GRAMMAR ------------------------------------------------- thanks to -express the reason for the positive result of an action or state N 덕분에, A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 grammar = thanks to ~express the reason for the positive result of an action or state Usage: - (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 grammar is used to express the reason for the positive result of an action or state. = thanks to - (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 can be replaced by -기 때문에 without meaning change. (Learn more about -기 때문에 grammar = because (of)) Tense: Verb + 는 덕분에 (present tense) | (으)ㄴ 덕분에 (past tense) 가다 -> 간 덕분에 (thanks to going…) 먹다 -> 먹은 덕분에 (thanks to eating…) 당첨하다 -> 당첨한 덕분에 (thanks to winning the lottery..) 연습하다 -> 연습하는 덕분에 (thanks to practicing…) 끊임없다 -> 끊임없는 덕분에 (thanks to the constant…) Adjective + (으)ㄴ 덕분에 크다 -> 큰 덕분에 (because it is big…) 좋다 -> 좋은 덕분에 (because it is good,…) 예쁘다 -> 예쁜 덕분에 (because she is pretty,…) Noun + 덕분에 당신 -> 당신 덕분에 (thanks to you) 선생님 -> 선생님 덕분에 (thanks to the teacher) 예수 크리스 -> 예수 크리스 덕분에 (thanks to Jesu Christ) Examples: 1. 네 덕분에 내가 성공했어요. I succeeded thanks to you. 2. 당신 덕분에 시험을 잘 봤어요. Thanks to you, I did well on the test 3. 장학금 덕분에 좋은 대학를 다녔어요. Thanks to the scholarship, I went to a good university. 4. 가족 덕분에 좋은 사람이 되었어요. I became a good person thanks to my family.

⬇️⬆️ A/V-게 하다 : GRAMMAR ---------------------------------- make/let someone do/be something subject makes someone do action ----------------------------------------------------- A/V-게 하다 grammar = make someone do something, cause someone to be in the state of A Usage - V-게 하다 = Make/let someone do something - A-게 하다 = Cause someone to be in the state of A. -------------------------------------------------------------- Verb + -게 하다: 보다 --> 보게 하다 (let someone see something) 먹다 --> 먹게 하다 (let someone eat something) 놀다 --> 놀게 하다 (let someone play something) 기다리다 --> 기다리게 하다 (let someone wait) 쉬다 --> 쉬게 하다 (let someone rest) Adjective + -게 하다: 귀찮다 --> 귀찮게 하다 (bother someone) 행복하다 --> 행복하게 하다 (make someone happy) 늦다 --> 늦게 하다 (make me late) Structure 1.1 Intransitive verbs (자동사): N1이/가 N2을/를 V-게 하다 = N1 make/let N2 happen 쉬게 하다 = let students rest, 뛰게 하다 = let me run, 피게 하다 = make flowers bloom, 울게 하다 = make me cry, 선생님께서는 학생들을 10분 동안 쉬게 하셨어요. The teacher let students rest for 10 minutes. 봄은 꽃들을 피게 하다. Spring makes flowers bloom.

⬇️⬆️ V-기로 하다/했다 : GRAMMAR ----------------------------------------- USE : decided to/promised to make a promise or decision Usage: - Express a promise or decision with oneself or someone = decided to, promised to... - The grammar is mainly ended in the past tense -기로 했어요/했습니다. - It is also ended in the present tense -기로 해요 to express that the speaker and listener make a promise to do something = -기로 합시다 (do something together) Verb + 기로 했다 = decided to, promised to 가다 → 가기로 했다 (decided to go) 만나다 → 만나기로 했다 (decided to meet) 놀다 → 놀기로 했다 (promised to play) 돕다 → 돕기로 했다 (promised to help) 듣다 → 듣기로 했다 (decided to listen) 여행하다 → 여행하기로 했다 (decided to travel) Examples 1. 건강 때문에 올해부터 담배를 끊기로 했어요. I made the decision to stop smoking for my health from this year. 2. 주말에 친구하고 같이 영화관에 가기로 했어요. I promised to go to cinema with my friend in the weekend. 3. 우리는 1년 후에 결혼하기로 했습니다. We have decided to get married after one year.

V-아/어 보다 : grammar try, have tried ~ tell or ask someone to try or experience something L1.41 V-아/어 보다 grammar = try, have tried ~ tell or ask someone to try or experience something Usage: - V-아/어 보세요 = tell someone to try or experience something = (Please) try - V-아/어 봤어요 = indicate that you have experienced something = I have tried - V-아/어 봤어요? = ask someone to have tried or experienced something = Have you tried...? Examples 1. 김치찌개를 먹어 봤어요? - 네, 먹 봤어요. 맛았어요. Have you tried Kimchi stew? - Yes, I have tried it. It's tasty. 2. 이 옷이 예뻐 보여요. 한번 입어 보세요. This clothes looks pretty. Please try it on. 3. 그 영화가 재미있어요. 한번 보세요. That move is interesting. Please try watching it once.

-아/어 보이다 and -게 보이다: Grammar ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ look like, seem like ~convey guesses or feelings based on outward appearance Usage 1.) A-아/어 보이다: Used to convey one's guess or feelings based on outward appearance 2.) A-게 보이다: Can be interchangeable with A-아/어 보이다 without meaning changes Conjugation by Tense : 1.) Present Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보이다 or -게 보이다 2.) Past Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보였다 or -게 보였다 3.) Future Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보일 것이다 or -게 보일 것이다 Common Adjective Examples : 좋다 --> 좋아 보이다 or 좋게 보이다 (look good) 덥다 --> 더워 보이다 or 덥게 보이다 (seem hot) 멀다 --> 멀어 보이다 or 멀게 보이다 (look far) Examples in Context: 1.) 그 옷을 입으니까 날씬해 보여요. / 날씬하게 보여요. You look slim since you wear those clothes. 2.) 하늘색 남방이 빨간색 남방보다 더 시원해 보여요./ 시원하게 보여요. The blue-sky shirt looks cooler than the red shirt.

V-던데요: Grammar ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ I saw/ surprised that ~express contradiction or surprise to something A/V-던데요 grammar = I saw/ felt/ surprised that ~express contradiction or surprise to something Usage: - The expression -던데요 = -던- (recollection) + -(으)ㄴ데요 (background info, contrast or surprising situation) = (1) express something contradictory to one’s speaking or (2) express surprise or admiration toward something. - The expression -던데 can be used in mid-sentence to indicate the present situation is contrary to the past situation. - The expression -았/었던데요 is used for things that ended in the past. Tense: Adjective + -던데요 좋다 -> 좋던데요. 쉽다 -> 쉽던데요. 크다 -> 크던데요. 멋있다 -> 멋있던데요. 아름답다 -> 아름답던데요. Verb + -던데요 보이다 -> 보이던데요. 먹다 -> 먹던데요. 읽다 -> 읽던데요. 만나다 -> 만나던데요. 건강하다 -> 건강하던데요. Noun + (이)던데요 의사 -> 의사던데요. 학생 -> 학생이던데요. 은행원 -> 은행원이던데요. Examples: *A/V-던데요 grammar = express contradiction to one's speaking 1. 집이 작아서 더 물건을 둘 데가 없어서 고민해요. - 지난번에 갔을 때는 집이 아주 커 보이던데요. I am worried because my house is so small that there is no more room to put anything else. - But it looked really big when I was there last time. 2. 오늘은 선생님 기분이 좀 좋아지셨어요? - 아니요. 아까 보니까 오늘도 안 좋으시던데요. Is the teacher feeling better today? - No, I just was him a while, he was still not good today.

느냐고 (으)냐고 하다 : grammar (asked).....quoting one's question indirectly 2. Interrogative sentence: 냐고 하다 = asked ~quoting one's question indirectly Usage: - 냐고 하다 is used to quote one's question indirectly = (I/he/she) asked ... Tense: 1.) Vst + (느)냐고 하다 = asked ... 가다 --> 가냐고 하다 *놀다 --> 노냐고 하다 먹다 --> 먹냐고 하다 = 먹느냐고 하다 만나다 --> 만나냐고 하다 2.) A + -(으)냐고 하다 = asked ... 춥다 --> 춥냐고 하다 = 추우냐고 하다 예쁘다 --> 예쁘냐고 하다 재미있다 --> 재미있으냐고 하다 3.) N +(이)냐고 하다 = asked ... 학생 --> 학생이냐고 하다 의사 --> 의사냐고 하다 Examples: *Vst + -(느)냐고 하다 1. 한국에 온 지 얼마나 됐냐고 했어요. (남자: 한국에 온지 얼마나 됐어요?) He asked how long have you been in Korea. 2. 이번 한국어능력시험은 언제까지 접수하냐고 했어요. (남자: 이번 한국어능력시험은 언제까지 접수해요?)He asked until when can he sign up for the TOPIK exam.

V-도록: Grammar (so that/in order to)........focus on the action to achieve the goal. V-도록 grammar = so that, in order to ~focus on the action to achieve the goal Usage: - (1) V-도록 is used to indicate that the action is necessary to realize the goal (~focus on the action to achieve the goal). V-도록 can be used interchangeably with V-게. However, V-게 focuses on the goal to do action, whereas V-도록 focuses on the action to achieve the goal. = so that, in order to 실수하지 않도록 많이 연습했어요. I practiced a lot so that I wouldn't make a mistake. Tense: 1.)Positive sentence: Verb + -도록 보다 -- 보도록 -- 보게 (in order to see) 낫다 -- 낫도록 -- 낫게 (in order to get better) 시험을 볼 수 있다 -- 시험을 볼 수 있도록 -- 시험을 볼 수 있게 (in order to take the exam well) 이해하다 -- 이해하도록 -- 이해하게 (in order to understand) 2.) Negative sentence: Verb + -지 않도록 늦다 -- 늦지 않도록 -- 늦지 않게 (in order not to be late) 맞다 -- 맞지 않도록 -- 맞지 않게 (in order not to get wet) 모자라다 -- 모자라지 않도록 -- 모자라지 않게 (in order not to be in short of ...) 감기에 걸리다 -- 감기에 걸리지 않도록 -- 감기에 걸리지 않게 (in order not to catch a cold) Examples: *V-도록 grammar = (1) in order to, so that 1. 아이가 잘 이해하도록 천천히 설명했어요. I explained it slowly so that the child understood it well. 2. 약속 시간에 늦지 않도록 준비를 서둘렀어요. I hurried to get ready so that I wouldn't be late for the appointment. 3. 친구 생일을 잊지 않도록 달력에 표시했어요. I marked my friend's birthday on my calendar so that I wouldn't forget it.