Vocabularies

Please slide ➡️➡️ ⬆️ Scroll up -------------------------- 🇰🇷(Grammar pattern )🇰🇷 안 도 되다 / 안 어도 되다 / 안 해도되다 .... don't have to 면 안 되다 / 으 면 안 되다 ...Not allowed , shouldn't ㄹ래요? / 을래요 ...will you? Would you? Want to .... ㄹ까요? / 을 까요 ? ....shall we? Shall I? Why don't we? 보이다 / 어 보이다 / 해 보이다 ...it looks , it seems - (아마 , 아마도 ) ㄹ걸요 / 을 거요 ... probably, maybe 는 게 어때요? ...why don't we? Why don't you? How about? Make a suggestion paano Kong Gawin natin ito...? 도 되다 / 어도 되다 / 해도 되다 ...Be allowed to , may I ? Can I? 네요 .. surprised 것 같다 ...I guess , I think 지요 / 죠 ... isn't it ? Right? Of course it is 니까/ 으니까 .... Because/ so / since 세요 / 으세요 .... Please do it (command) 시다 / 으시다 .... More polite / Honorific 지 마세요 ... Please don't do that 러 / 으 러 (가다 ,오다 ) ....to go /purpose To go ,come in regular time 래요 / 대요... Said / Heard (만약 , 만약에) 면 / 으 면 ....if 는 것 : ING 나다 : subject marker 이/ 가 topic marker 은/는 내다 : object marker 을 / 를 하고 : and / with 에 : on / to / in the...it is used to tell about the location or the place where the subject exist.....it is used to tell the direction or the destination of the action. 에서 : at / in the / from ... action na ginagawa mo sa loob ng Lugar 또 : again 더 : more 도 : also (으)로 : to ...it expresses the direction of a locomotive verb. 네요 : surprise (으)러 가다 : to go (으)면 : if ㅂ/습니까 - ㅂ/ 습니다 : Am / is / are A/V - 아서/어서 : because , so , and , therefore V -기 쉽다 / 어렵다 : to easy / to difficult --it means that it is easy or difficult for the verb to do the action. V - 아/어 보다 : try to ...it expresses trying out or experiencing an action. 아/어 보세요 : try something, 아/어 봤어요 have the experience. 게 : Ly 이따가 : (a little) later 있다가 : staying (somewhere) and then 밖에 : only ...No Other options only that.. emphasize that something is the (only) option available. 만 : only... something is the only thing the exception. 다가 : while (으) 면서 : while V-(으)면 되다 : can / it indicates that there is no problem or sufficient if any action or state is established.

(Please slide)➡️ ➡️ ⬆️ Scroll up ----------------------------- 🇰🇷 Grammar pattern 🇰🇷 (part2)¥ 때 / ㄹ 때 / 을 때 ...when 려고요 / 려고 하다 ...try to ,in order to do, be about to,to intend or to plan to do 그런데/ ㄴ데 /는데 /하지만 / 지만 ... however/ But ㄹ 것이다 / 을 것이다 / ㄹ 거다 / 을 거다 ...Be Going To.. future tense declarative sentence ending. ㄹ 게요 / 을 게요 ....will 에/ 에서 ...To ,AT,ON/ IN FROM (보터 ) 까지 (에서) 까지..From ,To , Until, By 전에 / 기 전에 .... AGO/BEFORE 동안/ 는 동안 ... While , During 고 싶다 ... Want to 기 싫다 ...Don't want to 주 세요/ 주세요/해주세요 ... Please Do It For Me ㄹ줄 알다 / 을 줄 알다 , 모르다... Do you know how to do it--know / don't know. ㄹ 수 있다 , 을 수 있다/ 없다.... CAN'T , CAN BE ABLE TO 봤다 / 어 봤다 / 해 봤다 ...HAVE YOU EVER DONE IT?( EXPERIENCE 2) 본 적이 있다 / 어 본 적이 있다 ... HAVE YOU EVER DONE , HAVE YOU, EXPERIENCE. 거든요.. (reason) (attention getter) (Disagreement) Verb/adjective -아/어야 되다/ 하다...... should ,need to. 까지.. (until) 부터 .. (FROM ) 아야/어야 되다 : need , most ,have, should 고 나서 : after Diong / and then / it is used to express that the finishing of one behavior is followed by the beginning of subsequent behavior. V- (으) 십시오 : please/ it is used when ordering or soliciting in a formal situation V- (으) 려면 : if intend , if plan / it expresses the intention of executing a given goal or the willingness to do something. A/V-지만 : but / it is used to connect two clauses that are opposite to or in contrast with each other. N- 보다 : than / it is used as part of the sentence that is being compared. A/V- 다고 하다 : I heard that / it is used to indicate something you heard from other, -다고 하다 (present) -았/있 다고 (past) -(으)ㄹ 거라고 하다 (future). V- 자고 하다 : (He said)-(she said) to suggest someone do - it is used for a quoted propositive sentence. V-(으)라고 하다 : to tell (someone) to do (something)/ it is used for a quoted commanding sentences to someone : (ex) my dad (said ) eat your breakfast quickly -(indirect) my dad told me to eat breakfast quickly. A/V- 냐고 하다 : ask /suggest: it is used when you wonna say someone question or suggestions to somebody else...(ex) He asking if you can come with us today. My friend suggests how about we gather there.

⬇️⬆️ (잖아요 : GRAMMAR ) -------------------------------- USE : AS YOU KNOW, DID'NT I TOLD YOU? ALAM MO NAMAN DIBA EX : reminding the speaker they both know the answer NOUN add 이/가 잖아요.......................... 1.) 마리 씨가 일본어를 정말 잘하네요. - 마리 씨는 일본에서 공부했잖아요. 지난번에 마리 씨가 말했는데 생각 안나요? Mary is really good at Japanese. - (As you know) Mary studied in Japan. Don't you remember that she told us last time (we met). 2.) 이번에도 안나 씨가 1등을 하네요. - 안나 씨는 항상 열심히 공부하잖아요. Anna got the 1st place again this time. - (As you know) Anna always studied hard. --------------------------------------------------------------- ( 아/어 놓다 : GRAMMAR ) -------------------------------------- USE: KEEP IT THAT WAY, DO IT IN ADVANCE LEAVE IT THAT WAY EX: ACTION IN THE FUTURE (TO DO THE VERB IN ADVANCE FOR FUTURE USE. Verb + -아/어 놓다: 끄다 -- 꺼 놓다 (turn sth off in advance) 싸다 -- 싸 놓다 (wrap sth beforehand) 열다 -- 열 놓다 (keep sth open) 정리하다 -- 정리해 놓다 (clean in advance) 예약하다 -- 예약해 놓다 (book in advance) 돈을 찾다 -- 돈을 찾아 놓다 (withdraw money beforehand)..........날씨가 더우니까 제가 회의실에 미리 가서 에어컨을 틀어 놓을게요. Since it is hot, I will go to the meeting room in advance and turn on the air conditioner. --------------------------------------------------------------- ( A/V - (으)ㄹ텐데 : GRAMMAR ) ----------------------------------------------- USE: would , suppose , must be ..(So/but) Express an expected future situation.으)ㄹ 텐데 is used to express an assumption about an expected or intended future situation, in which the 1st clause gives an intention or expectation in a future event, so the 2nd clause gives a corresponding suggestion or advice = would, suppose, must be…Adjective/ Verb 1.)..+ -(으)ㄹ 텐데 (Present tense) = would, suppose, must be... 작다 --> 작을 텐데 (must be small) 바쁘다 --> 바쁠 텐데 (must be busy) 2.)...Adjective/ Verb + -았/었을 텐데 (Past tense) 작다 --> 작았을 텐데 (would have been small) 3.)..Noun + 일 텐데 (Present tense) = would, suppose, must be... 부자 --> 부자일 텐데 (must be the rich) 학생 --> 학생일 텐데 (must be a student) 4.)...Noun + 였을/이었을 텐데 (Past tense) 부자 --> 부자였을 텐데 (would have been the rich) --------------------------------------------------------------- ( A/V - (으) ㄹ 걸요 : GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------ Use: (probably , I think) express assumption base on backup knowledge. 오후 6시에 출발할까요? - 퇴근시간이라서 길이 많이 막힐걸요. Shall we leave at 6 pm? - It is rush hour, so the traffic will probably be jammed. 나미 씨랑 극장에 ‘국제시장’을 보러 가기로 해요. - 나미 씨가 벌써 가 봤을걸요. 이 영화가 너무 유명하거든요. I am planning to go to watch the movie “the international market” with Nami. - I think she has already watched the movie. Because this movie is very famous. ----------------------------------------------------------------- (는 / (으)ㄴ 편이다 : GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------ Use: rather A, tend to V...(than usual) Examples:1.) 안나 씨가 남자 친구는 체격이 어때요? - 제 남자친구는 키가 크고 조금 통통한 편이에요. Anna, what does your boyfriend look like? - My boyfriend is (rather )tall and a little chubby. 1.) 수지 씨 회사 사람들은 회식을 자주 해요? - 네, 일주일에 한 번씩은 하니까 자주 하는 편이지요. Suzy, do your company people eat out often? - Yes, Since we eat out once a week, so we (tend to) do that often. 2.)그는 커피에 비해서 녹차를 많이 마시는 편이에요. He (tends to) drink more green tea than coffee. -----------------------------------------------------------------

⬇️⬆️ (-기 때문에 and -이기 때문에 : grammar ) ------------------------------------------------------------ Use : because of, due to, since 1. 기 때문에 – Expressing a reason or cause (general use) Used to express a reason or cause for a situation, like “because of” or “due to.” 날씨가 좋기 때문에 우리는 공원에 갔어요. We went to the park because the weather was good..................................................... N 때문에 – When a noun is the cause or reason in the sentence Used when the noun is the cause or reason of the sentence (not the subject). 비 때문에 경기가 취소되었어요. The game was canceled because of the rain.

⬇️⬆️ ( A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐 : Grammar ) ------------------------------------------- USE: be worried/afraid that express concern about something Tense: Adjective / Verb + -ㄹ/을까 봐 (Present tense) 사다 -> 살까 봐 (be afraid that he would buy it) 작다 -> 작을까 봐 (be afraid that it would be small) Examples: 1.) 눈이 오는데 등산 가려고요? - 아니요, 눈 때문에 길이 미끄러울까 봐 등산화를 신고 나가려고요. Are planning to climb mountain while It’s snowing? - No, I wear the climbing boots to go out because I am worried that the road would be slippery. 2.) 밍 씨, 시험 잘 봤어요? - 아니요, 너무 못 봤어요. 시험에 떨어질까 봐 걱정이에요. Minh, did you do your exam well? - No, I didn't do well at all. I am worried that I would fail the exam. ------------------------------------------------------------ (아도/어도/여도 : GRAMMAR) ------------------------------------------- USE : Even though, Even if You can make two sentences linked with ‘그래도’ into one sentence by using ‘아도/어도/여도’. The conjugation is very simple, it is just ‘Present tense without 요’ + ‘도’. In this case, it will be more natural to translate it as ‘even though’ or ‘even if.Ex) 먹다(to eat) – 먹어요(I eat) – 먹어도 (even if I eat…)........................................................ 아프다 (to be sick) – 아파요 (I’m sick) – 아파도 (even if I’m sick).................................... 공부하다 (to study) – 공부해요 (I study) – 공부해도 (even if I study)............................

⬇️⬆️ (A-ㄴ/은가 보다, V-나 보다 :grammar ) -------------------------------------------------------- Use : ( guess ,must be ) ~express inference or assumption based on an objective basis 1.)선생님이 요즘 많이 바쁘신가 봐요. The teacher must be very busy these days. 2.)지금 퇴근 시간인가 봐요. 지하철에 사람들이 많아요. I guess it is time to go home. There are a lot of people on the subway. ------------------------------------------------------------ A-아/어지다: GRAMMAR ------------------------------------ USE :to get/become Usage: - Turn an adjective into a verb to express a change in state over time = to get/become A Ex: 좋다 --> 좋아지다 (to become good) 따뜻하다 --> 따뜻해지다 (to become warm) 길다 --> 길어지다 (to become long) 건강하다 --> 건강해지다 (to become healthy) *다르다 --> 달라지다 (to become different) *빨갛다 --> 빨개지다 (to become red) *덥다 --> 더워지다 (to become hot) *춥다 --> 추워지다 (to become cold) *어둡다 --> 어두워지다 (to become dark) Examples: 1. 풍건이 커졌어요. The balloon became bigger. 2. 다이어트를 한 후에 날씬해졌어요. After having diet, I have become thin. 3. 매일 운동하면 건강이 좋아져요. If you exercise everyday, you will become healthy.

⬇️⬆️ ( A/V-ㄴ/은/는 대신(에) GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------------ USE : instead of,but compensate for, but ~action is replaced by another Adjective + -(ㅇ)ㄴ 대신에 = instead of,but 비싸다 -- 비싼 대신에(expensive but...) 작다 -- 작은 대신에 (small but....) *길다 -- 긴 대신에 (long but...) 나쁘다 -- 나쁜 대신에 (bad but...) 맛있다 -- 맛있는 대신에 (delicious but...) Verb + -는 대신에 = instead of, compensate for 쓰다 -- 쓰는 대신에 (instead if writing) 자다 -- 자는 대신에 (instead of sleeping) 보다 -- 보는 대신에 (instead of watching) Noun + 대신에 = instead of N 주스 -- 주스 대신에 (instead of juice) Examples: A + -(ㅇ)ㄴ 대신에 = instead of, but 1. 이 옷은 예쁜 대신에 가격이 비싸요. This dress is expensive but pretty. 2. 월급이 적은 대신에 근부 시간이 짧아요. The salary is low, but the working hours are short.

⬇️⬆️ ( 거나 ) "or" ------------------ (Noun) or (Noun): ~(이)나 (Verb) or (Verb): ~거나 – 거나 Grammar Lesson – How to Say “or” in Korean Examples 내일은 영화를 보거나 등산을 갈 거예요. ------------ = Tomorrow I will either see a movie(or) go hiking. 행복하거나 친구랑 있을 땐 술을 마셔요. ------------- = When I’m happy( or )with friends I drink alcohol. 외로울 때는 책을 읽거나 영화를 봐요. ------------ = When I’m lonely I read a book (or)watch a movie. ------------------------------------------------------------- N(이)나 grammar = or, up to ~express choice or amount of something in Korean Examples: Noun ending in vowel + 나: 잡지나 신문을 봐요. = I read magazine or newspaper . 참외나 수박을 사요. = I buy Korean melon or watermelon 바다나 산에 가요. = I go to the sea or mountain. Noun ending in consonant + 이나: 신문이나 잡지를 봐요. = I read newspaper or magazine. 물이나 맥주를 마셔요. = I drink beer or water. 산이나 바다에 가요. = I go to the mountain or sea. 1. 이참에 빵이나 라면을 먹어요. I eat bread or noodle in the morning. 2. 방학에 호주나 유럽에 가고 싶어요. I want to go to the Australia or Europe during the school vacation. 3. 어머니나 아버지가 요리해요. My mother or father cooks.

⬇️⬆️ ( N - 중이다 / V -는 중이다 : GRAMMAR ) ------------------------------------------------------------- USE : in the middle of N/V, currently doing - Indicate that the subject is in the process of performing an action = “in the process/ middle of N/V” or “currently doing” - V-는 중이다 and V-고 있다 have similar usage. However, while V-고 있다 can be used with any subjects, V-는 중이다 cannot be used with subjects representing natural phenomena (rain, snow, wind, fire…) Noun + 중: 임신 중 = in pregnancy 회의 중 = in the middle of a meeting Verb + 는 중: 가다 -- 가는 중 = on the way, currently going 찾다 -- 찾는 중 = in the middle of searching, currently searching Examples: 1. 그 건물은 공사 중입니다./ 그 건물은 공사하는 중입니다. That building is under construction. 2. 지금 집에 가는 중이에요. I am on the way home. 3. 집을 이사하고 싶어서 집을 찾는 중이에요. I want to move house, so I’m looking for a new one.

⬇️⬆️ N 동안, V-는 동안 grammar ----------------------------------------- Use : during /for N, while V-ing Usage: - Indicate the time period when a certain action begins and lasts until it ends = ‘during/ for N’ / ‘while V-ing’ - In the V-는 동안 grammar, the subjects of the first and second clauses can be either same or different. However, in the V-(으)면서 grammar, the subject of both clauses must be the same. Noun + 동안: 30분 동안 = during/for 30 min 한 달 동안 = for a month 방학 동안 = during school vacation 휴가 동안 = during holiday Verb + 는 동안: 가는 동안 = while going 읽는 동안 = while reading 일하는 동안 = while working *사는 동안 = while living Examples: 1. 어제 12 시간 동안 잤어요. Yesterday, I slept for 12 hours. 2. 곰은 겨울 동안에 겨울잠을 자요. Bears hibernate during winter. 3. 동생이 텔레비전을 보는 동안 나는 숙제를 했어요. I did my homework while my younger brother was watching TV. 4. 방학 동안에 뭐 할 거예요? - 친척 집을 방문할 거예요. What will you do during the vacation? - I will visit my relatives’ home.

⬇️⬆️ 지 말고 말다 + 고: GRAMMAR ---------------------------------------------- rather than this, than that , instead Conjugation of VERB + 지 말고 VERB + 지 말고 -지 말고” is used with verbs to emphasize ‘don’t do this, but do that. ------------------------------------------------------------ “말고” is primarily used with nouns to suggest ‘not this, but that’ or ‘instead of this, that’, while “-지 말고” is used with verbs to emphasize ‘don’t do this, but do that’. Mastering these structures will add depth to your Korean conversation skills and help you express a wide range of emotions and directives more accurately Take a verb i.e. 가다 Drop “다” i.e. 가 Add 지 말고 i.e. 가지 말고 (Don’t go and/instead of going) 먹다 –> 먹 + 지 말고 –> 먹지 말고 (Instead of eating) 오다 –> 오 + 지 말고 –> 오지 말고 (Instead of coming) 보다 –> 보 + 지 말고 –> 보지 말고 (Instead of looking) 하다 –> 하 + 지 말고–> 하지 말고 (Instead of doing)

⬇️⬆️ N 덕분에, A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 : GRAMMAR ------------------------------------------------- thanks to -express the reason for the positive result of an action or state N 덕분에, A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 grammar = thanks to ~express the reason for the positive result of an action or state Usage: - (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 grammar is used to express the reason for the positive result of an action or state. = thanks to - (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 can be replaced by -기 때문에 without meaning change. (Learn more about -기 때문에 grammar = because (of)) Tense: Verb + 는 덕분에 (present tense) | (으)ㄴ 덕분에 (past tense) 가다 -> 간 덕분에 (thanks to going…) 먹다 -> 먹은 덕분에 (thanks to eating…) 당첨하다 -> 당첨한 덕분에 (thanks to winning the lottery..) 연습하다 -> 연습하는 덕분에 (thanks to practicing…) 끊임없다 -> 끊임없는 덕분에 (thanks to the constant…) Adjective + (으)ㄴ 덕분에 크다 -> 큰 덕분에 (because it is big…) 좋다 -> 좋은 덕분에 (because it is good,…) 예쁘다 -> 예쁜 덕분에 (because she is pretty,…) Noun + 덕분에 당신 -> 당신 덕분에 (thanks to you) 선생님 -> 선생님 덕분에 (thanks to the teacher) 예수 크리스 -> 예수 크리스 덕분에 (thanks to Jesu Christ) Examples: 1. 네 덕분에 내가 성공했어요. I succeeded thanks to you. 2. 당신 덕분에 시험을 잘 봤어요. Thanks to you, I did well on the test 3. 장학금 덕분에 좋은 대학를 다녔어요. Thanks to the scholarship, I went to a good university. 4. 가족 덕분에 좋은 사람이 되었어요. I became a good person thanks to my family.

⬇️⬆️ A/V-게 하다 : GRAMMAR ---------------------------------- make/let someone do/be something subject makes someone do action ----------------------------------------------------- A/V-게 하다 grammar = make someone do something, cause someone to be in the state of A Usage - V-게 하다 = Make/let someone do something - A-게 하다 = Cause someone to be in the state of A. -------------------------------------------------------------- Verb + -게 하다: 보다 --> 보게 하다 (let someone see something) 먹다 --> 먹게 하다 (let someone eat something) 놀다 --> 놀게 하다 (let someone play something) 기다리다 --> 기다리게 하다 (let someone wait) 쉬다 --> 쉬게 하다 (let someone rest) Adjective + -게 하다: 귀찮다 --> 귀찮게 하다 (bother someone) 행복하다 --> 행복하게 하다 (make someone happy) 늦다 --> 늦게 하다 (make me late) Structure 1.1 Intransitive verbs (자동사): N1이/가 N2을/를 V-게 하다 = N1 make/let N2 happen 쉬게 하다 = let students rest, 뛰게 하다 = let me run, 피게 하다 = make flowers bloom, 울게 하다 = make me cry, 선생님께서는 학생들을 10분 동안 쉬게 하셨어요. The teacher let students rest for 10 minutes. 봄은 꽃들을 피게 하다. Spring makes flowers bloom.

⬇️⬆️ V-기로 하다/했다 : GRAMMAR ----------------------------------------- USE : decided to/promised to make a promise or decision Usage: - Express a promise or decision with oneself or someone = decided to, promised to... - The grammar is mainly ended in the past tense -기로 했어요/했습니다. - It is also ended in the present tense -기로 해요 to express that the speaker and listener make a promise to do something = -기로 합시다 (do something together) Verb + 기로 했다 = decided to, promised to 가다 → 가기로 했다 (decided to go) 만나다 → 만나기로 했다 (decided to meet) 놀다 → 놀기로 했다 (promised to play) 돕다 → 돕기로 했다 (promised to help) 듣다 → 듣기로 했다 (decided to listen) 여행하다 → 여행하기로 했다 (decided to travel) Examples 1. 건강 때문에 올해부터 담배를 끊기로 했어요. I made the decision to stop smoking for my health from this year. 2. 주말에 친구하고 같이 영화관에 가기로 했어요. I promised to go to cinema with my friend in the weekend. 3. 우리는 1년 후에 결혼하기로 했습니다. We have decided to get married after one year.

V-아/어 보다 : grammar try, have tried ~ tell or ask someone to try or experience something L1.41 V-아/어 보다 grammar = try, have tried ~ tell or ask someone to try or experience something Usage: - V-아/어 보세요 = tell someone to try or experience something = (Please) try - V-아/어 봤어요 = indicate that you have experienced something = I have tried - V-아/어 봤어요? = ask someone to have tried or experienced something = Have you tried...? Examples 1. 김치찌개를 먹어 봤어요? - 네, 먹 봤어요. 맛았어요. Have you tried Kimchi stew? - Yes, I have tried it. It's tasty. 2. 이 옷이 예뻐 보여요. 한번 입어 보세요. This clothes looks pretty. Please try it on. 3. 그 영화가 재미있어요. 한번 보세요. That move is interesting. Please try watching it once.

-아/어 보이다 and -게 보이다: Grammar ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ look like, seem like ~convey guesses or feelings based on outward appearance Usage 1.) A-아/어 보이다: Used to convey one's guess or feelings based on outward appearance 2.) A-게 보이다: Can be interchangeable with A-아/어 보이다 without meaning changes Conjugation by Tense : 1.) Present Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보이다 or -게 보이다 2.) Past Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보였다 or -게 보였다 3.) Future Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보일 것이다 or -게 보일 것이다 Common Adjective Examples : 좋다 --> 좋아 보이다 or 좋게 보이다 (look good) 덥다 --> 더워 보이다 or 덥게 보이다 (seem hot) 멀다 --> 멀어 보이다 or 멀게 보이다 (look far) Examples in Context: 1.) 그 옷을 입으니까 날씬해 보여요. / 날씬하게 보여요. You look slim since you wear those clothes. 2.) 하늘색 남방이 빨간색 남방보다 더 시원해 보여요./ 시원하게 보여요. The blue-sky shirt looks cooler than the red shirt.

V-던데요: Grammar ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ I saw/ surprised that ~express contradiction or surprise to something A/V-던데요 grammar = I saw/ felt/ surprised that ~express contradiction or surprise to something Usage: - The expression -던데요 = -던- (recollection) + -(으)ㄴ데요 (background info, contrast or surprising situation) = (1) express something contradictory to one’s speaking or (2) express surprise or admiration toward something. - The expression -던데 can be used in mid-sentence to indicate the present situation is contrary to the past situation. - The expression -았/었던데요 is used for things that ended in the past. Tense: Adjective + -던데요 좋다 -> 좋던데요. 쉽다 -> 쉽던데요. 크다 -> 크던데요. 멋있다 -> 멋있던데요. 아름답다 -> 아름답던데요. Verb + -던데요 보이다 -> 보이던데요. 먹다 -> 먹던데요. 읽다 -> 읽던데요. 만나다 -> 만나던데요. 건강하다 -> 건강하던데요. Noun + (이)던데요 의사 -> 의사던데요. 학생 -> 학생이던데요. 은행원 -> 은행원이던데요. Examples: *A/V-던데요 grammar = express contradiction to one's speaking 1. 집이 작아서 더 물건을 둘 데가 없어서 고민해요. - 지난번에 갔을 때는 집이 아주 커 보이던데요. I am worried because my house is so small that there is no more room to put anything else. - But it looked really big when I was there last time. 2. 오늘은 선생님 기분이 좀 좋아지셨어요? - 아니요. 아까 보니까 오늘도 안 좋으시던데요. Is the teacher feeling better today? - No, I just was him a while, he was still not good today.

느냐고 (으)냐고 하다 : grammar (asked).....quoting one's question indirectly 2. Interrogative sentence: 냐고 하다 = asked ~quoting one's question indirectly Usage: - 냐고 하다 is used to quote one's question indirectly = (I/he/she) asked ... Tense: 1.) Vst + (느)냐고 하다 = asked ... 가다 --> 가냐고 하다 *놀다 --> 노냐고 하다 먹다 --> 먹냐고 하다 = 먹느냐고 하다 만나다 --> 만나냐고 하다 2.) A + -(으)냐고 하다 = asked ... 춥다 --> 춥냐고 하다 = 추우냐고 하다 예쁘다 --> 예쁘냐고 하다 재미있다 --> 재미있으냐고 하다 3.) N +(이)냐고 하다 = asked ... 학생 --> 학생이냐고 하다 의사 --> 의사냐고 하다 Examples: *Vst + -(느)냐고 하다 1. 한국에 온 지 얼마나 됐냐고 했어요. (남자: 한국에 온지 얼마나 됐어요?) He asked how long have you been in Korea. 2. 이번 한국어능력시험은 언제까지 접수하냐고 했어요. (남자: 이번 한국어능력시험은 언제까지 접수해요?)He asked until when can he sign up for the TOPIK exam.

V-도록: Grammar (so that/in order to)........focus on the action to achieve the goal. V-도록 grammar = so that, in order to ~focus on the action to achieve the goal Usage: - (1) V-도록 is used to indicate that the action is necessary to realize the goal (~focus on the action to achieve the goal). V-도록 can be used interchangeably with V-게. However, V-게 focuses on the goal to do action, whereas V-도록 focuses on the action to achieve the goal. = so that, in order to 실수하지 않도록 많이 연습했어요. I practiced a lot so that I wouldn't make a mistake. Tense: 1.)Positive sentence: Verb + -도록 보다 -- 보도록 -- 보게 (in order to see) 낫다 -- 낫도록 -- 낫게 (in order to get better) 시험을 볼 수 있다 -- 시험을 볼 수 있도록 -- 시험을 볼 수 있게 (in order to take the exam well) 이해하다 -- 이해하도록 -- 이해하게 (in order to understand) 2.) Negative sentence: Verb + -지 않도록 늦다 -- 늦지 않도록 -- 늦지 않게 (in order not to be late) 맞다 -- 맞지 않도록 -- 맞지 않게 (in order not to get wet) 모자라다 -- 모자라지 않도록 -- 모자라지 않게 (in order not to be in short of ...) 감기에 걸리다 -- 감기에 걸리지 않도록 -- 감기에 걸리지 않게 (in order not to catch a cold) Examples: *V-도록 grammar = (1) in order to, so that 1. 아이가 잘 이해하도록 천천히 설명했어요. I explained it slowly so that the child understood it well. 2. 약속 시간에 늦지 않도록 준비를 서둘렀어요. I hurried to get ready so that I wouldn't be late for the appointment. 3. 친구 생일을 잊지 않도록 달력에 표시했어요. I marked my friend's birthday on my calendar so that I wouldn't forget it.