TENSES

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Tenses in English Tenses tell us when an action happens. There are three main tenses, each with four subtypes, making a total of 12 tenses in English.

1. Present Tense a) Present Simple (Present Indefinite) ✔ Definition: Used for general facts, habits, and routines. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + V1 (base verb) + (s/es for he, she, it) ➡ Negative: Subject + do/does not + V1 ➡ Question: Do/Does + subject + V1? ✔ Examples: She writes a diary. (Habit) The sun rises in the east. (Fact) They go to school every day.

✔ Usage: ✔ Daily routines → "I wake up at 7 AM." ✔ General facts → "Water boils at 100°C." ✔ Fixed schedules → "The train leaves at 6 PM." Practice Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in Present Simple: 1. She ___ (go) to school every day. 2. The earth ___ (revolve) around the sun. 3. They ___ (not, like) spicy food. 4. ___ (do) you watch TV every night? 5. My father ___ (work) in a bank.

Answers to all the practice exercis 1. Present Tense a) Present Simple – Answers 1. She goes to school every day. 2. The earth revolves around the sun. 3. They do not like spicy food. 4. Do you watch TV every night? 5. My father works in a bank.

b) Present Continuous (Present Progressive) ✔ Definition: Used for actions happening now or near future plans. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing ➡ Negative: Subject + is/am/are not + V1 + ing ➡ Question: Is/Am/Are + subject + V1 + ing? ✔ Examples: I am eating lunch now. (Happening now) She is studying for exams. They are playing football.

✔ Usage: ✔ Actions happening now → "I am talking to you." ✔ Temporary situations → "She is staying at her friend's house." ✔ Planned future events → "We are visiting London next week." Practice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences in Present Continuous: 1. She (watch) TV right now. 2. They (not, play) football. 3. What (you, do) at the moment? 4. My mom (cook) dinner. 5. The birds (sing) in the trees.

b) Present Continuous – Answers 1. She is watching TV right now. 2. They are not playing football. 3. What are you doing at the moment? 4. My mom is cooking dinner. 5. The birds are singing in the trees.

c) Present Perfect ✔ Definition: Used for past actions that affect the present. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + has/have + V3 (past participle) ➡ Negative: Subject + has/have not + V3 ➡ Question: Has/Have + subject + V3? ✔ Examples: I have finished my homework. She has visited Paris three times. They have lived here for 5 years.

✔ Usage: ✔ Recently completed actions → "I have just eaten." ✔ Life experiences → "She has traveled to Europe." ✔ Actions started in the past, continuing now → "I have lived here since 2010." Practice Exercise: Complete the sentences with the correct Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets: 1. I ___ (never, see) such a beautiful sunset. 2. They ___ (live) in this city for ten years. 3. ___ (you, ever, eat) sushi? 4. She ___ (already, finish) her homework. 5. We ___ (not, meet) him before.

c) Present Perfect – Answers 1. I have never seen such a beautiful sunset. 2. They have lived in this city for ten years. 3. Have you ever eaten sushi? 4. She has already finished her homework. 5. We have not met him before.

d) Present Perfect Continuous ✔ Definition: Used for long-lasting actions that started in the past and are still happening. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + has/have been + V1 + ing ➡ Negative: Subject + has/have not been + V1 + ing ➡ Question: Has/Have + subject + been + V1 + ing? ✔ Examples: I have been reading this book for two hours. She has been working here since 2019. They have been playing football all evening.

✔ Usage: ✔ Actions continuing from the past to present → "I have been waiting for 30 minutes." ✔ Repeated actions → "He has been calling me all day!" Practice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences using Present Perfect Continuous: 1. She (study) for two hours. 2. They (not, sleep) well lately. 3. How long (you, wait) here? 4. My brother (play) video games all day. 5. The baby (cry) since morning.

d) Present Perfect Continuous – Answers 1. She has been studying for two hours. 2. They have not been sleeping well lately. 3. How long have you been waiting here? 4. My brother has been playing video games all day. 5. The baby has been crying since morning.

2. Past Tense a) Past Simple (Past Indefinite) ✔ Definition: Used for completed actions in the past. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + V2 (past form) ➡ Negative: Subject + did not + V1 ➡ Question: Did + subject + V1? ✔ Examples: I ate pizza last night. She wrote a letter. They went to the park.

✔ Usage: ✔ Completed actions → "I watched a movie yesterday." ✔ Past habits → "She played the piano when she was a child." Practice Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct Past Simple form of the verb: 1. We ___ (visit) our grandparents last weekend. 2. She ___ (not, go) to the party. 3. ___ (you, see) the new movie? 4. He ___ (write) a book last year. 5. They ___ (travel) to Japan in 2018.

2. Past Tense a) Past Simple – Answers 1. We visited our grandparents last weekend. 2. She did not go to the party. 3. Did you see the new movie? 4. He wrote a book last year. 5. They traveled to Japan in 2018.

b) Past Continuous (Past Progressive) ✔ Definition: Used for ongoing past actions. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + was/were + V1 + ing ➡ Negative: Subject + was/were not + V1 + ing ➡ Question: Was/Were + subject + V1 + ing? ✔ Examples: I was sleeping when you called. She was reading a book at 5 PM.

✔ Usage: ✔ Ongoing past actions → "They were watching TV at 8 PM." ✔ Interrupted actions → "I was eating when the phone rang." Practice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences in Past Continuous: 1. She (watch) TV at 7 PM. 2. They (not, play) football at that time. 3. What (you, do) when I called? 4. My mom (cook) dinner while I was studying. 5. The birds (sing) in the trees when it started raining.

b) Past Continuous – Answers 1. She was watching TV at 7 PM. 2. They were not playing football at that time. 3. What were you doing when I called? 4. My mom was cooking dinner while I was studying. 5. The birds were singing in the trees when it started raining.

) Past Perfect ✔ Definition: Used for actions completed before another past action. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + had + V3 ➡ Negative: Subject + had not + V3 ➡ Question: Had + subject + V3? ✔ Examples: I had finished my work before dinner. She had already left when we arrived.

✔ Usage: ✔ Actions before another past event → "The train had already left when we reached the station." Practice Exercise: Complete the sentences with the correct Past Perfect form: 1. By the time we arrived, they ___ (leave). 2. She ___ (already, finish) her project before the deadline. 3. The teacher ___ (not, start) the lesson when I entered the class. 4. Had you ___ (ever, visit) that place before? 5. They ___ (watch) the movie before we did.

c) Past Perfect – Answers 1. By the time we arrived, they had left. 2. She had already finished her project before the deadline. 3. The teacher had not started the lesson when I entered the class. 4. Had you ever visited that place before? 5. They had watched the movie before we did.

d) Past Perfect Continuous ✔ Definition: Used for long past actions before another past event. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + had been + V1 + ing ➡ Negative: Subject + had not been + V1 + ing ➡ Question: Had + subject + been + V1 + ing? ✔ Examples: I had been studying for 2 hours before he arrived.

✔ Usage: ✔ Long actions before another past event → "She had been waiting for an hour before the bus came." Practice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences in Past Perfect Continuous: 1. They (work) on the project for hours before the boss arrived. 2. I (not, sleep) well before the exams. 3. How long (you, wait) before the train came? 4. The children (play) outside for two hours before it started raining. 5. She (study) for the test before she took a break.

d) Past Perfect Continuous – Answers 1. They had been working on the project for hours before the boss arrived. 2. I had not been sleeping well before the exams. 3. How long had you been waiting before the train came? 4. The children had been playing outside for two hours before it started raining. 5. She had been studying for the test before she took a break.

3. Future Tense a) Future Simple ✔ Definition: Used for actions that will happen in the future. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + will + V1 ➡ Negative: Subject + will not + V1 ➡ Question: Will + subject + V1? ✔ Examples: She will call you tomorrow. They will visit Paris next year.

Practice Exercise: Complete the sentences with the correct Future Simple form: 1. I ___ (call) you later. 2. They ___ (not, travel) next summer. 3. ___ (you, help) me with my homework? 4. She ___ (buy) a new phone soon. 5. We ___ (go) to a concert on Friday.

3. Future Tense a) Future Simple – Answers 1. I will call you later. 2. They will not travel next summer. 3. Will you help me with my homework? 4. She will buy a new phone soon. 5. We will go to a concert on Friday.

b) Future Continuous ✔ Definition: Used for ongoing actions in the future. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + will be + V1 + ing ➡ Negative: Subject + will not be + V1 + ing ➡ Question: Will + subject + be + V1 + ing? ✔ Examples: She will be sleeping at midnight.

Practice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences in Future Continuous: 1. At this time tomorrow, we (travel) to Goa. 2. She (not, study) at 8 PM. 3. What (you, do) at 10 AM tomorrow? 4. My mom (cook) dinner when we arrive. 5. The sun (shine) brightly at noon.

b) Future Continuous – Answers 1. At this time tomorrow, we will be traveling to Goa. 2. She will not be studying at 8 PM. 3. What will you be doing at 10 AM tomorrow? 4. My mom will be cooking dinner when we arrive. 5. The sun will be shining brightly at noon.

c) Future Perfect ✔ Definition: Used for actions completed before a specific future time. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + will have + V3 ➡ Negative: Subject + will not have + V3 ➡ Question: Will + subject + have + V3? ✔ Examples: By next year, I will have completed my course.

Practice Exercise: Complete the sentences with the correct Future Perfect form: 1. By 2026, they ___ (build) a new mall. 2. She ___ (not, finish) her homework by 7 PM. 3. ___ (you, complete) your assignment before the deadline? 4. We ___ (visit) five countries by next summer. 5. The train ___ (arrive) before we reach the station.

c) Future Perfect – Answers 1. By 2026, they will have built a new mall. 2. She will not have finished her homework by 7 PM. 3. Will you have completed your assignment before the deadline? 4. We will have visited five countries by next summer. 5. The train will have arrived before we reach the station.

d) Future Perfect Continuous ✔ Definition: Used for long future actions before a specific future time. ✔ Structure: ➡ Positive: Subject + will have been + V1 + ing ➡ Negative: Subject + will not have been + V1 + ing ➡ Question: Will + subject + have been + V1 + ing? ✔ Examples: By 5 PM, I will have been working for 8 hours.

Practice Exercise: Rewrite the sentences using Future Perfect Continuous: 1. By next year, she (study) for five years. 2. They (not, wait) for long. 3. How long (you, live) in this city by 2030? 4. He (work) on this project for months by December. 5. The baby (sleep) for hours by the time we reach home.

d) Future Perfect Continuous – Answers 1. By next year, she will have been studying for five years. 2. They will not have been waiting for long. 3. How long will you have been living in this city by 2030? 4. He will have been working on this project for months by December. 5. The baby will have been sleeping for hours by the time we reach home.