Nature and nurture

IELTS Reading Passage: Nature and Nurture – What Shapes Our Behaviour? Passage: For centuries, philosophers and scientists have debated whether human behaviour is determined more by genetics (nature) or by environment and upbringing (nurture). The argument, often referred to as the nature versus nurture debate, is fundamental in understanding human development. The proponents of nature argue that genetics play the most important role. They point to research in behavioural genetics, particularly twin studies, where identical twins raised apart often exhibit similar personality traits, intelligence levels, and even preferences. For example, a famous study conducted by Thomas Bouchard at the University of Minnesota examined twins who were separated at birth and raised in different environments. Surprisingly, many of these twins showed striking similarities in behavior, interests, and habits, suggesting a strong genetic influence. However, others believe that environment and upbringing are more influential. They argue that no matter the genetic blueprint, a person's experiences, culture, education, and family dynamics can significantly shape behaviour and attitudes. Psychologist John Watson famously claimed that he could train any healthy infant to become any type of specialist, regardless of the child's background or genetic makeup, simply by manipulating their environment. Modern science now tends to support an interactionist view—suggesting that both nature and nurture play interdependent roles. For instance, a child might inherit a genetic predisposition for musical ability, but without the right environment, education, or encouragement, this talent may never be developed. Furthermore, epigenetics—a relatively new field—reveals how environmental factors can actually influence gene expression, turning certain genes on or off over time. Ultimately, most researchers now agree that neither nature nor nurture acts alone. Instead, it is the complex interplay between the two that shapes who we are. Questions: 1–3: Choose the correct letter (A, B, C, or D). 1. What does the study of identical twins raised apart suggest? A. Environment has no influence on personality. B. Genetic similarities are irrelevant without shared experiences. C. Genetics have a strong influence on behaviour. D. Personality is shaped entirely by upbringing. 2. What did John Watson believe? A. Genetics are more important than environment. B. Environment can shape any individual into any type of person. C. Genetic traits determine intelligence. D. Behaviour is random and unpredictable. 3. What is epigenetics concerned with? A. Identifying the most influential genes in human DNA. B. Studying how environment influences gene expression. C. Comparing genetic codes of different people. D. Understanding brain structure and personality. 4–7: Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage? Write: TRUE, FALSE, or NOT GIVEN 4. All scientists believe behaviour is determined solely by genetics. 5. The Minnesota twin study found similarities in interests and habits of twins. 6. Musical ability cannot be inherited genetically. 7. Researchers now favour a combination of genetic and environmental factors.