John

| 2 | 1. Why do we study "consonants and vowels"? ╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ _ To recognise the syllables. The reason that we study consonants and vowels because we want to know the syllables. 2. What is a syllable?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ _In English, each syllable has a vowel sound (/e/ in “pet”, /i:/ in “see”, etc). The number of syllables is therefore simply the number of vowel sounds, so a word with two vowel sounds like “faster” has two syllables. ***The number of syllables is unaffected by the number of consonant sounds. This means that the word “strike” (/i/with one vowel sound and four consonant sounds) has just one syllable. In one syllable you must have one vowel sound include it (it requires one syllable,one vowel sound). So it can be V, Vc, Cv and Cvc. 3. Why do we study syllable?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ _To understand where the stress go. 4. Where is the stress go in one syllable?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ _ The beginning sound of one syllable which always including V, Vc,Cv, Cvc. Then we have the stress on the beginning sounds of the syllable. (That is the pattern in English) 5. Why do we study syllables?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ Because we want to know the rhythm which means weak and strong syllable sounds happen in the rhythm. 6. Why do we want to know rhythm ?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ _Because we want to know the important meaning in words or sentences that we want to deliver.

| 1 | 1. Why do we study "consonants and vowels"? ╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ 2. What is the syllable?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ 3. Why do we study syllable?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ 4. Where is the stress go in one syllable?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ 5. Why do we study syllables? ╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝ 6. Why we want to know the rhythm?╰⁠(⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠ᗜ⁠ ⁠･⁠ ⁠)⁠➝

| 4 | The contrast between weak and strong syllables are following; Strong syllable: Length is long Volume is lound Pitch is high ~vs~ Short syllable: Length is short Volume is quiet Pitch is low

|5| What are CVC words? CVC words are words with three sounds. CVC words contain a consonant sound, then a vowel sound and then a consonant sound. Vowels are a, e, i, o, u and consonants are the other letters in the alphabet. Why CVC words? Because when learning to read *the vowels are everything*. Vowels are the glue that hold letters together in a word.  Even in words that don’t have the typical vowels (a, e, i, o & u), have a letter that as acting as a vowel, most often the letter y. That’s why we start with consonant-vowel-consonant or CVC words.  These are also commonly referred to as short vowel words. To learn the general rules of the English language. They are able to begin to see the patterns within our words and bring to predict how our language behaves.

| 6 | The overall structure of the syllable, which includes: - **Onset**: Initial consonant(s) sounds - **Nucleus**: Vowel sound - **Coda**: Final consonant(s) sounds ***Onset is ... The number of onset sounds in English can vary, but typically [ tip-i-klee โดยทั่วไป], there are about 72 onsets(distinct sounds) in the English language, including both consonants and vowels. **The sounds is 72 onsets but the spelling letter more than that. ***Nucleus is ...[NOO-klee-uhs] The nucleus of a syllable in English is typically a vowel sound, and there are around 16 vowel phonemes [ FOH-neemโฟนิม] - a small set of sounds หน่วยเสียง] in English. These vowel sounds include single vowel sounds and diphthongs (two different vowel sounds in one syllable.). ***Diphthong vowel definition A diphthong is a vowel that contains two different vowel sounds in one syllable. The word diphthong comprises di, which means ‘two’ in Greek, and phthong, which means ‘sound’. Therefore, diphthong means two sounds. ***Coda is ... The coda is the part of a syllable that comes after the nucleus (the vowel sound) and consists of one or more consonants. The number of coda sounds in English can vary, but typically, there are at least 154 codas(distinct sounds).

| 7 | Insight of Onsets, Nucleus and Codas 7.1 Rules of Onsets: There are many possible onset sounds in English, far more than just the 24 single consonant phonemes, especially when you include blends, digraphs, and clusters. The number of onset can possibly be 72 onset sounds. Here's a breakdown: 1. **Single Consonant Onsets**: The concept of 72 onsets might refer to a comprehensive list of initial consonant sounds or clusters found in English syllables. Onsets are the beginning sounds of syllables, which can be single consonants or consonant clusters. Here’s a detailed breakdown of common onsets in English: ****Here's the single Consonant 1) b- as in "bat" 2) **c/k** - as in "cat" 3) d - as in "dog" 4) f - as in "fan" 5) g - as in "goat" 6) h - as in "hat" 7) j - as in "jet" 8) k - as in "kite" 9) l - as in "let" 10) m - as in "man" 11) n - as in "net" 12) p - as in "pat" 13) r - as in "rat" 14) s - as in "sit" 15) t - as in "top" 16) v - as in "van" 17) w - as in "wet" 18) y - as in "yes" 19) z - as in "zip" 2. **Consonant Blends**: Onsets can also be combinations of consonants, known as consonant blends i.e two consonant blends, three letter consonant blends, consonant digraphs, and final consonant blends. 2.1: Two letter consonant blends which include the "l", "r", "s", "t", "w" ****Here's the " l " blends examples include: 20-/bl/ as in "black" 21- /cl/ as in "close" 22-/ fl/ as in "fly" 23- /gl/ as in "glove" 24- /pl/ as in "play" 25- /sl/ as in "slip" ****Here's the " r " blends examples include: 26- /br/ as in "break" 27- /cr/ as in "crose" 28- /dr/ as in "dry" 29- /fr/ as in "from" 30- /gr/ - as in "grab" 31- /pr/ - as in "pray 32- /tr/ as in "tree"" ****Here's the " s " blends examples include: 33- /sc/ as in "scan" 34- /sk/ as in "skate" - /sl/ as in "slide" 35- /sm/ as in "smile", "diSMiss" 36- /sn/ as in "snow", "miSName" 37- /sp/ as in "speed", "aspect" 38- /st/ as in "star" 39- /sw/ as in "swich" ****Here's the " t " blends examples include: 40-/th/ - as in "thin" 41- /tr/ as in "trade" 42-/tw/ as in "twin" ****Here's the " w " blends examples include: 43- /dw/ as in "dwell" 44- /sw/ as in "swell" 45- /tw/ as in "twinkle" 3. **Consonant Digraphs**: These are pairs of consonants that represent a Consonant Digraphs sound, such as:: 46- /sh/ as in "ship" 47- /ch/ as in "chip" 48- /th/ as in "this" voiced 49-/th/ as in "think" unvoice 4. *** Three letter consonant blends** or(Clusters): Some onsets can have three consonants, such as: 50- /spl/ as in "splash" 51- /spr/ as in "spring" 52- /str/ as in "string" 53- /scr/ as in "scream" 54- /shr/ as in "shrimp" 55- /thr/ as in "through" 5. **Less Common or Complex Onset 56-/kn/ - as in "knee" 57-/wr/ - as in "write" 58-/ps/- as in "psychology" 59-/gn/ - as in "gnome" 60-/pt/ - as in "ptarmigan" 6. **Special Cases 61-/qu/ - as in "quick" 62-/wh/ - pronounced as /hw/ in some dialects (e.g., "where") 7. **Onsets with More Complexity Some English onsets might involve more specific phonetic combinations, especially in loanwords or less common words: 63-/ts/ - as in "tsunami" 64-/sch/ - as in "school" 65-/tz/ - as in "tzetze" 8. ***Possible Combinations In addition to the above, here are more examples of initial consonant clusters that can be onsets: 66-/skw/ - as in "squash" 67-/kl/- as in "clean" 68-/kr/- as in "crane" 69-/kw/- as in "queen"

| 8 | Insight of Onsets, Nucleus and Codas 7.2 Rules of Nucleus: In phonology, the nucleus is the core part of a syllable, typically consisting of a vowel sound or a syllabic consonant. In English, the nucleus is most often a vowel. Here's a detailed look at 16 common nuclei (vowel sounds) in English: 1. ### ** (Pure Vowels)** 0r Monophthongs 1. **/iː/** - as in "see" 2. **/ɪ/** - as in "sit" 3. **/e/** - as in "bed" (varies slightly by dialect) 4. **/æ/** - as in "cat" 5. **/ɑː/** - as in "father" 6. **/ɒ/** - as in "lot" (British English) 7. **/ɔː/** - as in "thought" 8. **/ʊ/** - as in "foot" 9. **/uː/** - as in "goose" 10. **/ʌ/** - as in "strut" 11. **/ɜː/** - as in "nurse" (British English) 12. **/ə/** - as in "sofa" (schwa) 2. ### **(two vowels)** Or Diphthongs 13. **/eɪ/** - as in "face" 14. **/aɪ/** - as in "price" 15. **/ɔɪ/** - as in "choice" 16. **/aʊ/** - as in "mouth" ### **Details on Each Nucleus:** 1. **/iː/** - Long vowel sound, as in "see" or "beat." 2. **/ɪ/** - Short vowel sound, as in "sit" or "bit." 3. **/e/** - Short vowel sound, varies by dialect, commonly as in "bed." 4. **/æ/** - Short vowel sound, as in "cat" or "bat." 5. **/ɑː/** - Long vowel sound, as in "father" or "car." 6. **/ɒ/** - Short vowel sound, as in "lot" (more common in British English). 7. **/ɔː/** - Long vowel sound, as in "thought" or "law." 8. **/ʊ/** - Short vowel sound, as in "foot" or "put." 9. **/uː/** - Long vowel sound, as in "goose" or "blue." 10. **/ʌ/** - Short vowel sound, as in "strut" or "but." 11. **/ɜː/** - Long vowel sound, as in "nurse" (British English). 12. **/ə/** - Schwa, a very short, neutral vowel sound, as in "sofa" or "comma." ### **Diphthongs:** 13. **/eɪ/** - A vowel sound that glides from /e/ to /ɪ/, as in "face" or "day." 14. **/aɪ/** - A vowel sound that glides from /a/ to /ɪ/, as in "price" or "tie." 15. **/ɔɪ/** - A vowel sound that glides from /ɔ/ to /ɪ/, as in "choice" or "boy." 16. **/aʊ/** - A vowel sound that glides from /a/ to /ʊ/, as in "mouth" or "cow." ### **Understanding Vowel Sounds:** - **Length**: Vowels can be short (e.g., /ɪ/, /ʌ/) or long (e.g., /iː/, /ɑː/). - **Tension**: Vowels can be tense (e.g., /iː/, /uː/) or lax (e.g., /ɪ/, /ʊ/). - **Position in Mouth**: Vowels are classified by the position of the tongue (front, central, back) and the height of the tongue (high, mid, low). ### **Conclusion:** These 16 nuclei cover the most common vowel sounds in English, providing a comprehensive foundation for understanding and producing English syllables accurately. Mastering these vowel sounds is crucial for clear and effective communication in English.

| 9 | Insight of Onsets, Nucleus and Codas 7.2 Rules of Coda: The coda is the part of a syllable that comes after the nucleus (vowel sound) and typically consists of one or more consonants. Codas can be single consonants or clusters of consonants. Here is a detailed list of possible codas in English, broken down into single consonants and consonant clusters. Given the large number of potential combinations, we will list a comprehensive yet manageable set that includes the most common single consonants and clusters: ### **Single Consonant Codas** 1. **b** - as in "cab" 2. **c/k** - as in "back" 3. **d** - as in "had" 4. **f** - as in "half" 5. **g** - as in "bag" 6. **h** - as in "rah" 7. **j** - as in "fudge" 8. **l** - as in "ball" 9. **m** - as in "ham" 10. **n** - as in "man" 11. **p** - as in "cap" 12. **r** - as in "car" 13. **s** - as in "bus" 14. **t** - as in "cat" 15. **v** - as in "cave" 16. **w** - as in "mew" 17. **x** - as in "box" 18. **z** - as in "jazz" 19. **ŋ** (ng) - as in "sing" 20. **ʃ** (sh) - as in "wish" 21. **ʒ** (zh) - as in "beige" 22. **θ** (th) - as in "both" 23. **ð** (th) - as in "breathe" ### **Consonant Cluster Codas** #### Two-Consonant Clusters 24. **-lb** - as in "bulb" 25. **-lp** - as in "help" 26. **-lt** - as in "salt" 27. **-ld** - as in "cold" 28. **-lf** - as in "shelf" 29. **-lk** - as in "milk" 30. **-lm** - as in "film" 31. **-lv** - as in "solve" 32. **-lz** - as in "bells" 33. **-mp** - as in "lamp" 34. **-nd** - as in "hand" 35. **-nt** - as in "plant" 36. **-ng** - as in "song" 37. **-nk** - as in "bank" 38. **-pt** - as in "kept" 39. **-ts** - as in "cats" 40. **-st** - as in "best" 41. **-sk** - as in "task" 42. **-sp** - as in "lisp" 43. **-ft** - as in "left" 44. **-ks** - as in "books" 45. **-sh** - as in "wash" 46. **-th** - as in "fifth" 47. **-ld** - as in "held" 48. **-rd** - as in "bird" 49. **-rt** - as in "part" 50. **-rs** - as in "horse" 51. **-rn** - as in "learn" 52. **-rf** - as in "surf" 53. **-rk** - as in "park" 54. **-rb** - as in "herb" #### Three-Consonant Clusters 55. **-sts** - as in "lists" 56. **-rts** - as in "parts" 57. **-rks** - as in "works" 58. **-lts** - as in "melts" 59. **-mps** - as in "camps" 60. **-ndz** - as in "hands" 61. **-nks** - as in "thanks" 62. **-nts** - as in "plants" 63. **-lps** - as in "helps" 64. **-lds** - as in "builds" 65. **-lfθ** - as in "twelfth" #### Four-Consonant Clusters 66. **-tsks** - as in "tasks" 67. **-lfts** - as in "twelfths" 68. **-nts** - as in "ants" 69. **-rsts** - as in "bursts" ### **Other Complex Codas** 70. **-tʃt** (tch) - as in "watched" 71. **-dʒd** (dge) - as in "judged" 72. **-kst** (xst) - as in "text" 73. **-mz** - as in "items" 74. **-ps** - as in "camps" 75. **-ks** - as in "books" 76. **-ns** - as in "plans" 77. **-ŋks** - as in "thanks" 78. **-mpt** - as in "tempt" ### **Examples of Words with Codas** - **Single consonant**: "cat" (/kæt/), "dog" (/dɒg/) - **Two-consonant clusters**: "hand" (/hænd/), "milk" (/mɪlk/) - **Three-consonant clusters**: "camps" (/kæmps/), "lists" (/lɪsts/) - **Four-consonant clusters**: "twelfths" (/twɛlfθs/) ### **Conclusion** The concept of 156 codas in English covers a wide range of possible final consonant sounds and clusters that can end English syllables. This list includes both common and less common codas, providing a comprehensive overview of the variety of sounds that can conclude words in English. Understanding these codas is essential for proper pronunciation and syllable construction in English.