Feb 7, 2024
Extensive Reading for Academic Success
504 words:
Unit 11
Extensive reading for Academic success
Emily Dickinson is considered by many to be the most important female poet in the American canon. Her influence is undeniable and alongside Walt Whitman, she established new techniques in the American poetic tradition. Dickinson lived in Massachusetts for the entirety of her life and rarely left the security of her home. She had one older brother, who married her closest friend, and a sister, who played a key role in getting many of Dickinson's poems published. Dickinson was schooled in traditional English grammar and Latin but also had exposure to mathematics, history, geology, and biology. In spite of her rather extensive education, however, Dickinson did not pursue a career outside of her home.
2 Most of Dickinson's poetry is easily recognized among other poetry of the time. She had a particular talent for ballad and hymn metre but also used unusual grammar and imagery in her writing. Most noticeably, her poetry used numerous dashes and capitalized words that would not normally be capitalized. This unusual technique has been a subject of controversy in every published edition of Dickinson's poetry. Early editions of her poetry were heavily edited for grammar and the style was altered significantly. More recently, the length of the dashes has become a subject of intense debate, as Dickinson herself used dashes of varying length. Some believe that the length of these dashes is fundamental to understanding her poetry and advocate a reading of the manuscripts in their original form. Regardless of the pauses between lines, many of her poems have a very distinct cadence to them and can be "sung" to nearly any tune. After her death, her family stumbled upon 40 notebooks filled with over 1,700 of her poems. Only 10 of them had been published before her death and in spite of her younger sister's efforts, many of them went unpublished until the twentieth century, when Dickinson began receiving the critical attention that she deserved.
3 Dickinson's life is shrouded in mystery. This may be due in part to the fact that she was a woman and at the time, the lives and writings of most women were considered unimportant. Following her death, she was often portrayed as a hermit that spent most of her life inside. Recent scholarship has suggested that she was socially reserved but still had a number of friends and acquaintances. Dickinson lived through the American Civil War and much like the conflict that changed the entire country, her poetry changed the literary tradition in the United States. She contributed significantly to the acceptance of hymn metre in American poetry. Interestingly enough, her writing remained largely detached from reality. The Civil War had no apparent impact on her poetic technique or themes-an observation that may have contributed to the view that she was antisocial and introverted.
4 Dickinson died in 1886 of kidney disease. Posthumous publications of her poems were poorly received in the States initially, but she was later appreciated for her technique and style. Historians have studied her life as a subject of critical inquiry, exploring a number of rumors concerning her behavior and the poetic reflections in her writing. Her sexuality is at the center of a particularly heated debate. Some scholars have argued that she may have been bisexual and had love affairs with women during her younger years, but the evidence for such claims remains circumstantial. There are also a number of letters exchanged between Dickinson and someone she only refers to as "Master," who is presumably a male lover. Regardless of her sexuality, the Emily Dickinson portrayed in recent scholarship runs contrary to the reclusive image of her that was traditionally held by the public.
5 Although many take Dickinson's poetry to be based on occurrences in her actual life, this is a simplistic approach. Dickinson's brother and an editor named Mabel Loomis Todd edited much of her work after she died. They scratched entire lines from her poems in the original manuscripts.
In spite of these alterations, though, her work clearly suggests that Dickinson had a normal social life. She was not a simple recluse but a profoundly important poet. Irrespective of her life, she is still a fundamental part of the American poetic tradition.
In the canons of literature, where exposure meets imagination, ballads sing hymns of imagery, weaving tales of advocacy and intrigue. Amongst ancient manuscripts, cadences stumble through the corridors of time, shrouded in mystery and wisdom.
Like a hermit in the wilderness of words, introverted souls seek solace in the company of acquaintances, their minds kidney to the rhythms of introspection. Yet, amidst the silence, whispers of posthumous inquiry echo, rumors swirling in circumstantial winds, presumably revealing the secrets of reclusive lives.
Irrespective of the scratches on the surface of truth, the recluse remains steadfast in their solitude, a testament to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of scrutiny and speculation. In the labyrinth of existence, where shadows dance with light, the enigma of the recluse persists, a timeless reminder of the mysteries that lie beneath the surface of our perceptions.
Sure, here are the explanations and examples for each word:
Canon:
- Explanation: Canon refers to a collection or list of authoritative works, principles, or rules that are considered standard or fundamental in a particular field or discipline.
- Examples:
1. Shakespeare's plays are part of the literary canon studied in many English literature courses.
2. The Constitution forms the legal canon of a country's laws and principles.
3. The scientist's groundbreaking research became part of the canon of modern physics.
Exposure:
- Explanation: Exposure can refer to the state of being exposed to something, such as light, radiation, or danger, or it can refer to the act of revealing or disclosing something.
- Examples:
1. Prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to skin damage.
2. The artist's work gained exposure through an exhibition at a prestigious gallery.
3. The exposure of corruption scandals led to public outrage.
Ballad:
- Explanation: A ballad is a type of narrative poem or song that tells a story, often focusing on themes of love, adventure, or tragedy.
- Examples:
1. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a famous ballad.
2. Traditional folk ballads often recount tales of heroism and folklore.
3. Many popular songs, such as "Hotel California" by The Eagles, follow the structure of a ballad.
Hymn:
- Explanation: A hymn is a religious song or poem, typically of praise or devotion, often sung as part of worship or religious ceremonies.
- Examples:
1. "Amazing Grace" is a well-known Christian hymn.
2. The congregation sang hymns during the Sunday service.
3. The hymn "Hallelujah" is often sung to express joy and gratitude in worship.
Imagery:
- Explanation: Imagery refers to the use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental pictures or sensory experiences for the reader or listener.
- Examples:
1. The poet used rich imagery to describe the natural beauty of the landscape.
2. The novel is filled with vivid imagery that transports readers to another time and place.
3. The filmmaker's use of visual imagery added depth and emotion to the movie.
Advocate:
- Explanation: An advocate is a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause, policy, or person.
- Examples:
1. She is a passionate advocate for animal rights.
2. The organization advocates for affordable housing for low-income families.
3. The lawyer acted as an advocate for her client in court.
Manuscripts:
- Explanation: Manuscripts are handwritten or typed texts, documents, or books, especially those written before the invention of the printing press.
- Examples:
1. The library houses ancient manuscripts dating back to the Middle Ages.
2. The author discovered lost manuscripts in the attic of an old house.
3. Historians study medieval manuscripts to learn about past cultures and societies.
Cadence:
- Explanation: Cadence refers to the rhythmic flow or pattern of sounds or speech, especially in poetry or music.
- Examples:
1. The song's cadence created a sense of melancholy.
2. The poet carefully crafted the cadence of his verses to enhance their impact.
3. In military cadence, soldiers march in precise rhythm and step.
Stumbled:
- Explanation: Stumbled refers to the act of tripping or losing one's balance while walking or running, often resulting in an awkward or unsteady movement.
- Examples:
1. She stumbled over a rock on the path and nearly fell.
2. The athlete stumbled at the start of the race but recovered quickly.
3. He stumbled in his speech as he tried to explain himself.
Shrouded:
- Explanation: Shrouded means covered or enveloped in something, typically something that conceals or obscures.
- Examples:
1. The mountain peak was shrouded in mist.
2. The mystery surrounding the case was shrouded in secrecy.
3. The old house was shrouded in darkness as night fell.
Hermit:
- Explanation: A hermit is a person who lives in solitude, often away from society, for religious, spiritual, or personal reasons.
- Examples:
1. The hermit lived in a remote cabin in the woods.
2. Legend has it that the wise hermit possessed great knowledge of the natural world.
3. Seeking enlightenment, the monk chose to live as a hermit in the mountains.
Acquaintances:
- Explanation: Acquaintances are people whom one knows, but not intimately or closely.
- Examples:
1. She greeted her acquaintances with a friendly smile at the party.
2. In a small town, everyone is familiar with each other as acquaintances.
3. He has many acquaintances from his various social circles.
Introverted:
- Explanation: Introverted describes someone who tends to be more inward-focused, reserved, or reflective, often preferring solitary activities over social interactions.
- Examples:
1. She's introverted and enjoys spending time alone with a good book.
2. Introverted individuals may find large social gatherings draining.
3. Despite being introverted, he excels in his chosen field of research.
Kidney disease:
- Explanation: Kidney disease refers to a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood properly, leading to various health problems.
- Examples:
1. Diabetes and high blood pressure are common causes of kidney disease.
2. Symptoms of kidney disease may include fatigue, swelling, and changes in urination.
3. Treatment for kidney disease may involve medication, dialysis, or kidney transplant.
Posthumous:
- Explanation: Posthumous refers to something that occurs or is awarded after a person's death, particularly in relation to recognition, publication, or inheritance.
- Examples:
1. The author's final novel was published posthumously, much to the delight of fans.
2. He received a posthumous award in recognition of his contributions to the field of medicine.
3. The artist's work gained posthumous acclaim after his untimely death.
Inquiry:
- Explanation: Inquiry refers to the act of seeking information or investigating a matter, often through questions or research.
- Examples:
1. The committee launched an inquiry into the allegations of corruption.
2. Her scientific inquiry led to a groundbreaking discovery.
3. The teacher encouraged students to pursue their own inquiries into topics of interest.
Sure, here are the explanations and examples for each word:
Canon:
- Explanation: Canon refers to a collection or list of authoritative works, principles, or rules that are considered standard or fundamental in a particular field or discipline.
- Examples:
1. Shakespeare's plays are part of the literary canon studied in many English literature courses.
2. The Constitution forms the legal canon of a country's laws and principles.
3. The scientist's groundbreaking research became part of the canon of modern physics.
Rumors:
- Explanation: Rumors are unverified pieces of information or gossip that are spread informally, often without evidence or confirmation.
- Examples:
1. Rumors of layoffs spread quickly throughout the company.
2. The celebrity addressed the rumors about their personal life in a press conference.
3. Despite the rumors, there was no truth to the speculation about the company going bankrupt.
Circumstantial:
- Explanation: Circumstantial refers to evidence or information that indirectly suggests or supports a conclusion but does not directly prove it.
- Examples:
1. The case against the suspect was based on circumstantial evidence rather than direct proof.
2. The circumstantial details of the crime scene were meticulously analyzed by the investigators.
3. Without concrete evidence, the circumstantial nature of the case made it difficult to prosecute.
Presumably:
- Explanation: Presumably means based on what is likely or expected, although not definitively proven.
- Examples:
1. The flight was delayed, presumably due to bad weather conditions.
2. She didn't show up for the meeting, presumably because she was feeling unwell.
3. The company's profits decreased, presumably as a result of increased competition.
Reclusive:
- Explanation: Reclusive describes someone who prefers to live in seclusion or isolation, away from society.
- Examples:
1. The reclusive author rarely made public appearances.
2. He became increasingly reclusive after retiring from his job.
3. The billionaire was known for his reclusive lifestyle, rarely seen in public.
Scratched:
- Explanation: Scratched refers to the act of making superficial marks or abrasions on a surface, often by scraping or rubbing.
- Examples:
1. The cat scratched the furniture to sharpen its claws.
2. He accidentally scratched his car while trying to park in a tight space.
3. The child scratched their knee after falling off the bike.
Recluse:
- Explanation: A recluse is a person who lives in seclusion or isolation from society.
- Examples:
1. The old mansion at the edge of town was rumored to be inhabited by a recluse.
2. The novelist, known for her reclusive nature, rarely granted interviews.
3. Despite being a successful businessman, he chose to live as a recluse in the countryside.
Irrespective:
- Explanation: Irrespective means without considering or being influenced by particular factors; regardless of circumstances.
- Examples:
1. Everyone is welcome to participate in the event, irrespective of their background.
2. The policy applies to all employees, irrespective of their tenure or position.
3. Irrespective of the weather, the marathon will proceed as scheduled.
Sure, here are 10 collocations for each of the provided words, with the words numbered accordingly:
1. canon:
- Canon law
- Canon of literature
- Canon of ethics
- Canon formation
- Canonized saints
- Canon fire
- Canon lawyer
- Canon formation
- Canon fodder
- Canon printer
2. exposure:
- Exposure therapy
- Exposure to sunlight
- Exposure meter
- Exposure compensation
- Exposure draft
- Exposure triangle
- Exposure risk
- Exposure assessment
- Exposure control
- Exposure bracketing
3. ballad:
- Folk ballad
- Love ballad
- Traditional ballad
- Scottish ballad
- Narrative ballad
- Romantic ballad
- Power ballad
- Medieval ballad
- Classic ballad
- Popular ballad
4. hymn:
- Religious hymn
- Christmas hymn
- National hymn
- Gospel hymn
- Christian hymn
- Sacred hymn
- Traditional hymn
- Easter hymn
- Hymn book
- Hymn singing
5. imagery:
- Visual imagery
- Poetic imagery
- Mental imagery
- Literary imagery
- Symbolic imagery
- Evocative imagery
- Surreal imagery
- Vivid imagery
- Abstract imagery
- Nature imagery
6. advocate:
- Legal advocate
- Environmental advocate
- Human rights advocate
- Advocate for change
- Patient advocate
- Advocate for justice
- Political advocate
- Animal rights advocate
- Disability advocate
- Advocate for equality
7. manuscripts:
- Ancient manuscripts
- Historical manuscripts
- Medieval manuscripts
- Literary manuscripts
- Manuscript collection
- Manuscript illumination
- Manuscript preservation
- Handwritten manuscripts
- Illuminated manuscripts
- Valuable manuscripts
8. cadence:
- Musical cadence
- Rhythmic cadence
- Poetic cadence
- Speech cadence
- Natural cadence
- Running cadence
- Melodic cadence
- Harmonic cadence
- Sentence cadence
- Breathing cadence
9. stumbled:
- Stumbled upon
- Stumbled over
- Stumbled into
- Stumbled upon a discovery
- Stumbled through
- Stumbled along
- Stumbled and fell
- Stumbled in the dark
- Stumbled upon the truth
- Stumbled over words
10. shrouded:
- Shrouded in mystery
- Shrouded in darkness
- Shrouded figure
- Shrouded in secrecy
- Shrouded in fog
- Shrouded in uncertainty
- Shrouded in mist
- Shrouded in silence
- Shrouded in shadows
- Shrouded in secrecy
Certainly! Here are 10 collocations for each of the provided words, with the words numbered accordingly:
1. hermit:
- Wise hermit
- Reclusive hermit
- Mountain hermit
- Solitary hermit
- Hermit lifestyle
- Hermit hut
- Hermitage retreat
- Mystic hermit
- Forest hermit
- Hermit crab
2. acquaintances:
- Mutual acquaintances
- Casual acquaintances
- Social acquaintances
- Work acquaintances
- Close acquaintances
- Distant acquaintances
- New acquaintances
- Old acquaintances
- Business acquaintances
- Virtual acquaintances
3. introverted:
- Shy introverted
- Naturally introverted
- Socially introverted
- Quiet introverted
- Deeply introverted
- Intellectually introverted
- Creatively introverted
- Emotionally introverted
- Introverted personality
- Introverted tendencies
4. kidney disease:
- Chronic kidney disease
- Renal kidney disease
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Acute kidney disease
- End-stage kidney disease
- Pediatric kidney disease
- Genetic kidney disease
- Kidney disease management
- Kidney disease treatment
- Kidney disease diagnosis
5. Posthumous:
- Posthumous award
- Posthumous fame
- Posthumous publication
- Posthumous honor
- Posthumous release
- Posthumous album
- Posthumous tribute
- Posthumous recognition
- Posthumous legacy
- Posthumous collection
6. inquiry:
- Formal inquiry
- Public inquiry
- Government inquiry
- Judicial inquiry
- Independent inquiry
- Senate inquiry
- Inquiry commission
- Police inquiry
- Parliamentary inquiry
- Legal inquiry
7. rumors:
- Spreading rumors
- False rumors
- Unfounded rumors
- Gossip rumors
- Persistent rumors
- Celebrity rumors
- Internet rumors
- Rumors mill
- Rumors swirling
- Rumors circulating
8. circumstantial:
- Circumstantial evidence
- Circumstantial case
- Circumstantial details
- Circumstantial situation
- Circumstantial factors
- Circumstantial proof
- Circumstantial reasoning
- Circumstantial support
- Circumstantial argument
- Circumstantial witness
9. presumably:
- Presumably innocent
- Presumably true
- Presumably accurate
- Presumably reliable
- Presumably correct
- Presumably unaware
- Presumably unaware
- Presumably unaware
- Presumably unaware
- Presumably unaware
10. reclusive:
- Deeply reclusive
- Socially reclusive
- Reclusive lifestyle
- Famous reclusive
- Artistically reclusive
- Reclusive tendencies
- Reclusive behavior
- Emotionally reclusive
- Culturally reclusive
- Reclusive retreat
11. scratched:
- Scratched surface
- Lightly scratched
- Deeply scratched
- Carelessly scratched
- Accidentally scratched
- Freshly scratched
- Scratched car
- Scratched furniture
- Scratched CD
- Scratched glass
12. recluse:
- Social recluse
- Famous recluse
- Eccentric recluse
- Modern recluse
- Wealthy recluse
- Hermit recluse
- Reclusive lifestyle
- Literary recluse
- Artist recluse
- Celebrity recluse
13. Irrespective:
- Irrespective of age
- Irrespective of gender
- Irrespective of race
- Irrespective of religion
- Irrespective of background
- Irrespective of status
- Irrespective of opinion
- Irrespective of outcome
- Irrespective of circumstance
- Irrespective of location
📌 canon ➡️ قانونی
📌 exposure ➡️ افشای
📌 ballad ➡️ بالاده
📌 hymn ➡️ نغمه
📌 imagery ➡️ تصویرسازی
📌 advocate ➡️ طرفدار
📌 manuscripts ➡️ دستنوشتهها
📌 cadence ➡️ ریتم
📌 stumbled ➡️ لغزش
📌 shrouded ➡️ پوشیده
📌 hermit ➡️ صوفی
📌 acquaintances ➡️ آشنایان
📌 introverted ➡️ درونگرا
📌 kidney disease ➡️ بیماری کلیه
📌 Posthumous ➡️ پس از مرگ
📌 inquiry ➡️ پرسش
📌 rumors ➡️ شایعات
📌 circumstantial ➡️ شرایطی
📌 presumably ➡️ احتمالاً
📌 reclusive ➡️ متروکه
📌 scratched ➡️ خراشیده
📌 recluse ➡️ متروک
📌 Irrespective ➡️ بیتوجه به
504 words:
In a splendid garden, where the air was filled with the fragrance of exotic flowers and the sound of birds singing in harmony, a young girl tiptoed through the lush greenery. Her movements were so elegant and graceful, like a delicate butterfly dancing in the sunlight. As she reached a magnificent fountain, she stopped to admire its exquisite design, feeling a sense of wonder and awe at the stunning beauty of the place.
The water from the fountain glistened in the sunlight, casting rainbow-like reflections on the surrounding trees. The girl leaned over to lift a fallen leaf from the water, her every movement a dance of grace and poise. The scene was truly fantastic, like a scene from a magical fairy tale.
As she continued her walk, she came across a hidden garden, filled with marvelous plants and flowers of all colors. The sight was truly astonishing, as if she had stepped into a world of extraordinary beauty and charm. Every step she took was filled with a sense of joy and wonder, as she explored this fabulous paradise.
The experience was truly mind-blowing, leaving her with an incredible feeling of happiness and contentment. It was a moment so wonderful and unforgettable, like a dream that was both remarkable and unbelievable. In that moment, surrounded by such tremendous beauty and enchantment, she felt truly alive and grateful for the extraordinary world around her.
In a remote village, there lived a reclusive old man who was known for his extraordinary knowledge of ancient texts and manuscripts. Despite his introverted nature, he was respected as the village's advocate of traditional customs and beliefs, almost like a guardian of the village's canon of wisdom.
Rumors shrouded his past, with some claiming he was once a hermit seeking solitude for his own reasons. Irrespective of these speculations, the villagers valued his presence, considering him a wise and mysterious figure.
One day, as he was navigating through his collection of manuscripts, he stumbled upon a ballad hidden among the dusty pages. Its cadence and imagery spoke of a hymn long forgotten, exposing a story of love and loss that resonated deeply with the old man's soul.
As he delved into the inquiry of this unexpected discovery, he found himself drawn into a world of mystery and intrigue. The circumstantial details of the ballad hinted at a past that was much richer and complex than anyone had presumed.
Despite his advanced age and struggles with kidney disease, the old man's passion for unraveling the secrets of the past remained undiminished. He scratched the surface of history, uncovering layers of truth and fiction that painted a vivid picture of a life lived in shadows.
Posthumous whispers of his legacy echoed through the village, painting him as a reclusive scholar, dedicated to preserving the heritage of his ancestors. His story, like the ballad he uncovered, became a part of the village's folklore, a tale of a man who dared to explore the depths of knowledge and wisdom, even in the face of his own mortality.
504 words:
Sure, here are the Persian meanings of the words you've provided:
1. Melancholic - افسرده
2. Ambivalent - دو دل
3. Disillusioned - ناامید
4. Exhilarated - خوشحال
5. Pensive - اندیشمند
6. Apathetic - بیاعتنا
7. Resentful - دلبر
8. Serene - آرام
9. Vexed - عصبانی
10. Despondent - ناامید
11. Euphoric - بیاختیار
12. Wistful - اندوهگین
13. Indignant - خشمگین
14. Jubilant - شادمان
15. Nonchalant - بیتوجه
16. Quizzical - سوالی
17. Sanguine - خونگرم
18. Wistful - اندوهگین
19. Zealous - پرشور
20. Disenchanted - از دست رفته
21. Nostalgic - یادآور
22. Trepidatious - ترسو
23. Forlorn - تنها
24. Jaded - خسته
25. Penitent - توبهگرا
26. Rapturous - شورانگیز
27. Sardonic - همیشه چشم باز
28. Timorous - ترسو
29. Unabashed - بیشرم
30. Whimsical - سرگردان
31. Cynical - بیاعتماد
32. Ephemeral - عابر
33. Harried - مضطرب
34. Insouciant - بیتفاوت
35. Morose - بیاشتیاق
36. Petulant - سرکش
37. Reticent - ساکت
38. Sullen - افسرده
39. Wry - کج
40. Capricious - سرکش
41. Effervescent - محلق
42. Histrionic - دراماتیک
43. Insipid - بیطراوت
44. Maudlin - قلقلک
45. Obdurate - سفته
46. Pernicious - مخرب
47. Rancorous - دشنامآمیز
48. Sycophantic - رهبرپرست
49. Truculent - جنگجو
50. Vapid - بی مزه
As the sun set behind the horizon, casting a melancholic shadow over the land, Sarah found herself standing at the crossroads of her emotions. She felt ambivalent, torn between her dreams and the reality before her. Disillusioned by recent setbacks, she couldn't help but feel despondent.
But just as she was about to give in to the weight of her worries, a sudden rush of exhilaration filled her heart. The serene beauty of nature surrounding her reminded her to stay pensive, to reflect on her journey with a hopeful spirit.
Despite feeling apathetic at times, Sarah couldn't shake the feeling of resentment towards those who doubted her. Yet, deep down, she held onto a wistful longing for something more.
As the evening progressed, Sarah's mood shifted once again. She felt jubilant as she remembered past victories, nostalgic for simpler times. She tried to remain nonchalant, but her quizzical expression betrayed her inner turmoil.
With renewed determination, Sarah embraced her sanguine nature, refusing to let fear hold her back. Though trepidatious, she knew she was not alone in her journey. Even in her moments of forlorn solitude, she found solace in the memories of those who believed in her.
Though weary and jaded from the challenges she faced, Sarah remained penitent, willing to learn from her mistakes. With each step forward, she felt a rapturous sense of freedom, liberated from the constraints of her doubts.
As the stars twinkled overhead, casting a sardonic light on the world below, Sarah couldn't help but feel a timorous excitement for what lay ahead. She vowed to remain unabashed in her pursuit of happiness, to follow the whimsical path laid out before her.
Though cynicism threatened to cloud her judgment, Sarah held onto the ephemeral moments of joy that filled her heart. Even amidst the harried pace of life, she remained insouciant, refusing to let negativity dampen her spirits.
Though some may view her as morose or petulant, Sarah knew that her reticent nature was simply a shield to protect her tender heart. Beneath her sullen exterior lay a wry sense of humor, ready to face whatever life threw her way.
With each passing day, Sarah embraced the capricious nature of existence, finding joy in the effervescent moments that made life worth living. Though some may call her histrionic or insipid, Sarah knew that her emotions were genuine, a reflection of her passionate soul.
As she continued on her journey, Sarah vowed to never become maudlin or obdurate, to remain open to the possibilities that lay ahead. Though she faced pernicious obstacles and rancorous foes, she knew that her zealous spirit would carry her through.
With each new day, Sarah embraced the truculent challenges that came her way, knowing that they would only make her stronger. Though some may see her as sycophantic or vapid, Sarah knew that her true worth lay in her resilience and determination.
504 words:
The small size of the continent accounts for a significant amount of cultural overlap resulting in a multilingual, cosmopolitan society. Europeans have been credited with producing some of the world's most famous art and literature. The literary tradition of Europe is grounded in Greece, which is where enduring classics such as the Odyssey and the Iliad came from. Literature is varied throughout the continent. French and English literature are perhaps the most widely read in the world. Due to colonialism, French and English literature reached a greater readership than ever before. Recently, however, other European literature has become popular as well. For example, Czech writer Milan Kundera and his works, The Unbearable Lightness of Being and The Joke, have garnered fans with his beautifully rendered portrayals of life in Czechoslovakia during the Communist era. Scandinavian literature has also found new audiences and is known particularly for producing stellar playwrights. Henrik Ibsen, a nineteenth century Norwegian playwright, is known as the "father of modern drama." His work was critical of Victorian values and explored morality previously unheard of in literature. *The production of books from any nation would not have been as easy if not for the development of the steam-powered press. The press was invented in 1812 at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was sparked in Britain and changed the face of modern Europe. It was also a solution to promoting wealth on the continent despite its having almost no natural resources. Although minerals and iron ore can be found in some European nations, they are not of good quality compared to the raw materials that can be imported for considerably less than extraction would cost. In countries with arable land, such as Germany, France, and Italy, agriculture is used to support the economy. However, the top five most prosperous European countries depend on industrial manufacturing for economic stability. With the exception of Norway, most countries do not rely on natural resources to drive their economies. Norway supports its economy with the mining of iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, and nickel. However, its most exported commodity is petroleum, which also makes Norway one of the most stable economies in the world.
Europe continues to grow in many ways. Thanks to the Industrial Revolution, Europe is one of the most economically developed areas of the world. The lack of natural resources has not hindered its growth. Furthermore, the European literary tradition persists as national literatures become more popular outside of their countries of origin.
Sure, here are the words numbered along with their English and Persian meanings:
1. Comprised - تشکیل شده
- English Meaning: Made up of; constituted.
2. Northernmost - شمالترین
- English Meaning: Furthest to the north; situated farthest in a northerly direction.
3. Cosmopolitan - جهانی
- English Meaning: Familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures.
4. Rendered - ارائه شده
- English Meaning: Provided or made available; caused to be.
5. Stellar - ستارهای
- English Meaning: Of or relating to stars; outstanding; exceptional.
6. Arable - قابل کشت
- English Meaning: Suitable for growing crops; cultivable.
7. Prosperous - سرفراز
- English Meaning: Successful and wealthy; flourishing; thriving.
8. Commodity - کالا
- English Meaning: A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
9. Hindered - مانع شدن
- English Meaning: Create difficulties for (someone or something), resulting in delay or obstruction.
Passage:
In the northernmost reaches of the country, nestled among the rolling hills, lies a cosmopolitan city. This city is comprised of diverse communities, each contributing to its vibrant culture. Despite being hindered by occasional harsh weather, the people here are known for their resilience and perseverance.
The region's arable land, rendered fertile by the river that flows through it, supports a prosperous agricultural industry. Farmers cultivate various crops, from wheat to cotton, turning the fields into a sea of green during the growing season.
Amidst this scenic landscape, one can find stellar examples of architecture, each building telling a story of the city's rich history. The bustling markets are filled with traders selling a variety of commodities, from fresh produce to handmade crafts.
Despite the challenges they face, the residents of this city remain optimistic about the future. Their sense of community and determination to succeed make it a place where dreams are not only imagined but also realized.
Sure, here are 10 collocations for each word:
1. Comprised:
1. Comprised of
2. Comprised mainly of
3. Comprised entirely of
4. Comprised largely of
5. Comprised primarily of
6. Comprised solely of
7. Comprised predominantly of
8. Comprised chiefly of
9. Comprised mainly by
10. Comprised primarily by
2. Northernmost:
1. Northernmost point
2. Northernmost region
3. Northernmost city
4. Northernmost part
5. Northernmost state
6. Northernmost country
7. Northernmost border
8. Northernmost coastline
9. Northernmost province
10. Northernmost latitude
3. Cosmopolitan:
1. Cosmopolitan city
2. Cosmopolitan atmosphere
3. Cosmopolitan lifestyle
4. Cosmopolitan culture
5. Cosmopolitan society
6. Cosmopolitan area
7. Cosmopolitan environment
8. Cosmopolitan community
9. Cosmopolitan vibe
10. Cosmopolitan outlook
4. Rendered:
1. Rendered useless
2. Rendered obsolete
3. Rendered ineffective
4. Rendered invaluable
5. Rendered powerless
6. Rendered speechless
7. Rendered unconscious
8. Rendered visible
9. Rendered audible
10. Rendered immobile
5. Stellar:
1. Stellar performance
2. Stellar career
3. Stellar reputation
4. Stellar achievement
5. Stellar success
6. Stellar actor/actress
7. Stellar athlete
8. Stellar role
9. Stellar contribution
10. Stellar talent
6. Arable:
1. Arable land
2. Arable farming
3. Arable soil
4. Arable crop
5. Arable area
6. Arable acreage
7. Arable cultivation
8. Arable field
9. Arable agriculture
10. Arable farming practices
7. Prosperous:
1. Prosperous economy
2. Prosperous nation
3. Prosperous future
4. Prosperous business
5. Prosperous society
6. Prosperous city
7. Prosperous career
8. Prosperous region
9. Prosperous era
10. Prosperous times
8. Commodity:
1. Commodity market
2. Commodity prices
3. Commodity trading
4. Commodity exchange
5. Commodity futures
6. Commodity exports
7. Commodity imports
8. Commodity consumption
9. Commodity production
10. Commodity supply
9. Hindered:
1. Hindered progress
2. Hindered development
3. Hindered growth
4. Hindered by obstacles
5. Hindered by challenges
6. Hindered by restrictions
7. Hindered by regulations
8. Hindered by bureaucracy
9. Hindered by lack of resources
10. Hindered by adverse conditions
504 words:
Located in the South Pacific, Australia has the distinction of being the only country that is also an entire continent. The country has a current estimated population of 20 million. But Australia has grown significantly since it was first colonized by Europeans in the late eighteenth century. The original population of Indigenous Australians has since shrunk, industry has grown from the discovery of precious natural resources, and sheep and cattle stations have been established on land that would otherwise be useless.
2 The original inhabitants of Australia are sometimes called aboriginals. However, the term has fallen out of favor due to its negative connotations. More commonly accepted terms are Indigenous Australian or Koori. The Kooris arrived on the continent around 48,000 BCE. Anthropologists hypothesize that the Indigenous Australians walked over a land bridge that once connected Australia to New Guinea. There were many groups of Koori that wandered throughout the country as hunters and gatherers. Their strong spiritual connection with the land is now known to date back thousands of years. Scientists estimate that at the time Europeans arrived in 1770, there were anywhere from 250,000 to 1 million Kooris on the continent. After the Europeans began to colonize, the Koori population went down significantly due to diseases such as chicken pox, smallpox, and influenza. The population was further weakened by a government-led displacement policy. One estimate speculates that there was a 90 percent decrease in their population from 1788 to 1900. Today, the Koori make up 2.4% of the Australian population. Of the 350-750 different languages that were once spoken, only 200 remain. Despite the significant decrease, the Koori retain many traditions. One example of a lasting tradition is the Corroboree, which is a ceremonial meeting of Indigenous Australians. The Corroboree is known for musical and dance performances.
3 Most of the Australian population lives in the city centers along the coast. With barely over six percent of arable land, most of Australia is comprised of semi-arid or desert regions. Luckily, the non-arable regions have proved to be rich in minerals and metals. Mining has been an important key factor in the Australian economy since the first discovery of silver in South Australia in the mid-nineteenth century. Today, a variety of minerals and resources are mined, including bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, and diamonds. Furthermore, there are approximately 151.2 billion gallons in confirmed petroleum reserves in Australia. However, the extraction of natural resources has not been without consequences for the environment. Gold mining in Victoria has led to erosion caused by considerable deforestation. The areas around mining towns are also adversely affected by pollution from mining.
4 Despite the large amount of natural resources, a big percentage of export money comes from wool and meat. Cattle and sheep are raised for this purpose on large rural tracts of land called cattle and sheep stations. The owners of the stations are called graziers. They often raise a mixture of sheep and cows to protect themselves from changing prices for wool or beef. The stations are in the Australian outback.
5 Typically, they are developed on government-owned lands. Graziers are entitled to the land under pastoral leases, which are agreements between farmers and the government allowing the use of government property. Stations are isolated from urban areas and from each other. In fact, most stations are at least 160 kilometers away from the next. The isolation has led to the development of long-distance education called the School of the Air. The schools provide children who live on the stations with lessons and direct contact with teachers via the Internet. The remote stations are also serviced by the Royal Flying Doctor Service, an air medical service that provides emergency airlifts for citizens who live on stations.
6 Generally little is known about Australia's most interesting historical and modern features. Indigenous culture remains and slowly penetrates the conscience of those of European descent with its unique history and living traditions. Australia has also created a name for itself in the world economy with mineral mining and by raising cattle and sheep.
Certainly! Here are the words numbered along with their English and Persian meanings:
1. Predominantly - اکثراً
- English Meaning: Mainly; mostly.
2. Distinction - تمیز، تفاوت
- English Meaning: A difference or contrast between similar things or people.
3. Shrunk - کوچک شده، سست شده
- English Meaning: Reduced in size, extent, or value.
4. Cattle station - مزرعه دامداری
- English Meaning: A large farm or ranch where cattle are raised for beef production.
5. Aboriginals - بومیان
- English Meaning: Indigenous peoples of a particular region, especially Australia.
6. Smallpox - تجلط
- English Meaning: A contagious and sometimes fatal infectious disease characterized by fever and a distinctive rash.
7. Speculates - انکار کردن، گمان زدن
- English Meaning: To form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence.
8. Tracts - مناطق
- English Meaning: An area of indefinite extent, typically a large one.
9. Graziers - دامداران
- English Meaning: People who raise and graze livestock, especially cattle or sheep.
10. Pastoral leases - اجارههای دامداری
- English Meaning: Leases of land for grazing livestock.
11. Penetrates - نفوذ میکند
- English Meaning: To enter or force a way into or through (something).
12. Conscience - وجدان
- English Meaning: An inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.
Passage:
In the vast, predominantly arid landscapes of Australia, lies a land of distinction, where time seems to have shrunk and traditions run deep. Here, scattered across the tracts of land, are the cattle stations, where graziers have carved out a living from the harsh terrain for generations.
But beneath the surface lies a history marked by tragedy and resilience. The land once belonged to the Aboriginals, who inhabited these regions for thousands of years. Their way of life was forever changed when European settlers arrived, bringing diseases like smallpox that decimated entire communities.
As one speculates on the stories buried beneath the red earth, the spirit of the land penetrates the soul, urging us to listen to our conscience and learn from the mistakes of the past. Today, efforts are being made to reconcile with the Aboriginals and acknowledge their enduring connection to the land. It is a journey towards understanding and healing, where the past and present intersect on the path to a more inclusive future.
Certainly, here are 10 collocations for each word:
1. Predominantly:
- Predominantly rural
- Predominantly white
- Predominantly male
- Predominantly Muslim
- Predominantly Christian
- Predominantly agricultural
- Predominantly urban
- Predominantly black
- Predominantly female
- Predominantly English-speaking
2. Distinction:
- Make a distinction
- Draw a distinction
- Without distinction
- Distinction between
- Honor distinction
- Award distinction
- Achieve distinction
- Gain distinction
- Notable distinction
- Clear distinction
3. Shrunk:
- Shrunk clothes
- Shrunk in size
- Shrunk rapidly
- Shrunk significantly
- Shrunk down
- Shrunk considerably
- Shrunk fabric
- Shrunk by heat
- Shrunk over time
- Shrunk by washing
4. Cattle station:
- Outback cattle station
- Remote cattle station
- Large cattle station
- Family-owned cattle station
- Working cattle station
- Australian cattle station
- Traditional cattle station
- Station for cattle
- Cattle station manager
- Run cattle station
5. Aboriginals:
- Indigenous Aboriginals
- Australian Aboriginals
- Aboriginals rights
- Aboriginals culture
- Aboriginals community
- Aboriginals people
- Aboriginals land
- Aboriginals heritage
- Aboriginals history
- Aboriginals elders
6. Smallpox:
- Deadly smallpox
- Eradicate smallpox
- Historic smallpox
- Ancient smallpox
- Devastating smallpox
- Smallpox outbreak
- Contagious smallpox
- Infectious smallpox
- Smallpox vaccination
- Smallpox epidemic
7. Speculates:
- Speculates about
- Speculates on
- Speculates regarding
- Speculates whether
- Speculates how
- Speculates why
- Speculates that
- Speculates over
- Speculates concerning
- Speculates if
8. Tracts:
- Vast tracts
- Large tracts
- Rural tracts
- Remote tracts
- Forest tracts
- Agricultural tracts
- Desert tracts
- Urban tracts
- Undeveloped tracts
- Residential tracts
9. Graziers:
- Australian graziers
- Cattle graziers
- Sheep graziers
- Experienced graziers
- Professional graziers
- Graziers association
- Local graziers
- Graziers market
- Graziers manage
- Graziers land
10. Pastoral leases:
- Large pastoral leases
- Traditional pastoral leases
- Australian pastoral leases
- Remote pastoral leases
- Grazing pastoral leases
- Expired pastoral leases
- Leases for pastoral
- Manage pastoral leases
- Renew pastoral leases
- Government pastoral leases
Certainly, here are 10 collocations for each word:
Penetrates:
1. Penetrates deeply
2. Penetrates the market
3. Penetrates the skin
4. Penetrates slowly
5. Penetrates quickly
6. Penetrates the defense
7. Penetrates deeply into
8. Penetrates through
9. Penetrates the surface
10. Penetrates the barrier
Conscience:
1. Guilty conscience
2. Clear conscience
3. Troubled conscience
4. Moral conscience
5. Inner conscience
6. Prick of conscience
7. Follow your conscience
8. Conscience dictates
9. Conscience decision
10. Conscience vote
504 words:
1 When explorers first arrived in the Americas, the area was called the New World. When they returned to Europe, these explorers recounted fantastic myths about cities of gold, which inspired more people to come to the new lands. As Europeans pushed farther west in the continent, they were never able to find golden cities. Instead they found other marvels, including the areas that are known today as the Grand Canyon, the Rocky Mountains, and Yellowstone National Park.
2 Imagine the wonder the Grand Canyon inspired in the first explorers who encountered it in 1540. Located in Arizona, it is over 445 kilometers long and over 1600 meters deep in some places. The canyon was sculpted out of the Colorado Plateau by the waters of the Colorado River, revealing rocks that tell an amazing geological story. Scientists have determined that the canyon itself is probably two to six thousand years old. However, parts of the rocks that make up the Grand Canyon are up to two billion years old. Humans have lived in the area for as long as 12,000 years. The area was once host to a variety of indigenous cultures, including the Anasazi and Hopi Indians. These Native Americans were forced to leave the area because of recurrent droughts and later, external pressure from U.S. colonization efforts. Dwellings carved into the sides of the canyon remain as signs of their habitation and are now protected for archeological research. The Grand Canyon itself was made a National Park in 1919. As one of the seven natural wonders of the world, the Grand Canyon is a popular destination for tourists. Visitors come for sightseeing, whitewater rafting, hiking, and running-activities which attract approximately five million visitors per year.
Not far from the Grand Canyon are the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies extend from the Rio Grande River in New Mexico to the Liard River in British Columbia, Canada. Older portions of the mountains date back 3,980 million years, while the younger ranges were created approximately 65 million years ago. The mountain range constitutes the Continental Divide. Many rivers originate in the Rockies, and the divide determines the direction their waters run. Most rivers drain into the Pacific, Atlantic, or Artic Oceans. The Rocky Mountains were first explored by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Coronado in 1540 but were not studied extensively until the Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1804 to 1806. Following the discovery of gold in California in the 1800s, railroads were built through the Rocky Mountains to enable westward expansion. In 1905, more than 265,770 acres in Colorado were designated as the Rocky Mountain National Park by President Theodore Roosevelt. There are over 350 trails and 150 lakes in the immense park. It is a popular destination for hiking, horseback riding, rock climbing, cross-country skiing, fishing, and camping.
4 The first and oldest national park is located farther north along the Rockies in parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Yellowstone National Park covers 8,982 square kilometers and is home to Old Faithful, the most famous geyser in the world. Although it is not the largest geyser in the park, it is popular because it is extremely active and predictable. The geyser erupts every 65 to 92 minutes and can spew out 8,400 gallons of water. In addition to Old Faithful, Yellowstone also features a number of other geothermal phenomena, including about ten thousand hot springs. Yellowstone is situated over an active volcanic hotspot on the Earth's surface, which is responsible for its geothermic activity. Early explorers were understandably astounded by the site and were met with disbelief when they recounted their experiences; the area was more thoroughly studied later, which proved their stories were true. It wasn't until 1869 that there was a detailed expedition, which documented the geysers and springs as well as the flora and fauna. Soon after, it was suggested that the park be protected, and in 1872 it was declared the first National Park by President Ulysses S. Grant.
5 North America may be very different from when it was first discovered by the Europeans, but the wonders that once awed the explorers continue to amaze and inspire all that encounter them today. The Grand Canyon, Rocky Mountains, and Yellowstone National Park remain American national treasures and are revered by visitors from all over the world.
Sure, here are the words numbered along with their English and Persian meanings:
1. Marvels - عجایب
- English Meaning: Wonderful or astonishing things.
2. Sculpted - مجسمهسازی شده
- English Meaning: Carved or formed into a particular shape or design.
3. Droughts - خشکسالیها
- English Meaning: Prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.
4. Water rafting - رفتن با قایق تنوری
- English Meaning: The recreational activity of traveling down a river on a raft.
5. Portions - قسمتها
- English Meaning: Parts or shares of something larger.
6. Drain - زهکش
- English Meaning: A channel or pipe that carries away sewage or surface water.
7. Conquistador - کنکیستادور (اسپانیایی در زمان جهانگردی)
- English Meaning: A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas during the 16th century.
8. Geyser - گایزر
- English Meaning: A hot spring that intermittently sends up fountain-like jets of water and steam into the air.
9. Spew out - تفتیدن، اسپریدن
- English Meaning: Eject or discharge forcefully.
10. Astounded - متعجب
- English Meaning: Greatly surprised or impressed.
11. Flora and fauna - گیاهان و جانوران
- English Meaning: Plant and animal life, especially in a particular region or habitat.
12. Awed - تعجب کرده
- English Meaning: Filled with awe or wonder.
13. Revered - مورد احترام و تعظیم
- English Meaning: Regarded with deep respect and admiration.
Passage:
In the heart of the wilderness, where the land is sculpted by the hands of time, lies a realm of marvels waiting to be discovered. Here, the rhythm of life is dictated by the ebb and flow of nature's forces, from the scorching heat of droughts to the rejuvenating rush of water rafting down mighty rivers.
As you traverse the rugged terrain, you encounter portions of the landscape that seem untouched by human hands, where the only sound is the gentle trickle of water finding its way to the drain. It's a place where echoes of the past linger, where the footsteps of the conquistadors still reverberate through the canyons.
Amidst the silence, a geyser suddenly springs to life, spewing out jets of hot water and steam, leaving you astounded by the raw power of nature. In this sanctuary of flora and fauna, every encounter leaves you awed by the beauty and complexity of life, reminding you of the importance of preserving the natural world for generations to come.
Certainly, here are 10 collocations for each word:
Marvels:
1. Natural marvels
2. Architectural marvels
3. Engineering marvels
4. Historical marvels
5. Scientific marvels
6. Cultural marvels
7. Modern marvels
8. Wonders and marvels
9. Hidden marvels
10. Ancient marvels
Sculpted:
1. Sculpted figures
2. Sculpted art
3. Sculpted masterpiece
4. Sculpted marble
5. Sculpted stone
6. Sculpted statue
7. Hand-sculpted
8. Artistically sculpted
9. Beautifully sculpted
10. Carved and sculpted
Droughts:
1. Severe droughts
2. Prolonged droughts
3. Historic droughts
4. Droughts worsen
5. Devastating droughts
6. Droughts affect
7. Droughts impact
8. Droughts persist
9. Droughts in history
10. Droughts conditions
Water rafting:
1. White water rafting
2. River rafting
3. Adventure water rafting
4. Guided water rafting
5. Thrilling water rafting
6. Extreme water rafting
7. Safe water rafting
8. Enjoy water rafting
9. Summer water rafting
10. Popular water rafting
Portions:
1. Large portions
2. Small portions
3. Generous portions
4. Equal portions
5. Healthy portions
6. Delicious portions
7. Ample portions
8. Hearty portions
9. Portions control
10. Serving portions
Drain:
1. Drain water
2. Drain pipe
3. Drain system
4. Drainage problem
5. Drain clog
6. Unclog drain
7. Drain flow
8. Drainage channel
9. Drain away
10. Drain repair
Conquistador:
1. Spanish conquistador
2. Famous conquistador
3. Brave conquistador
4. Conquistador helmet
5. Conquistador expedition
6. Conquistador armor
7. Conquistador conquest
8. Conquistador statue
9. Conquistador era
10. Conquistador legacy
Geyser:
1. Natural geyser
2. Hot geyser
3. Geothermal geyser
4. Famous geyser
5. Active geyser
6. Spectacular geyser
7. Geyser eruption
8. Geysers in Yellowstone
9. Geyser basin
10. Geyser park
Spew out:
1. Spew out lava
2. Spew out smoke
3. Spew out ash
4. Volcano spew out
5. Factory spew out
6. Geyser spew out
7. Spew out toxins
8. Spew out pollutants
9. Spew out garbage
10. Spew out debris
Astounded:
1. Completely astounded
2. Utterly astounded
3. Astonished and astounded
4. Astounded by the beauty
5. Astounded reaction
6. Astounded amazement
7. Astounded disbelief
8. Astounded by the news
9. Astounded by the talent
10. Astounded silence
Flora and fauna:
1. Diverse flora and fauna
2. Native flora and fauna
3. Tropical flora and fauna
4. Rich flora and fauna
5. Abundant flora and fauna
6. Unique flora and fauna
7. Exotic flora and fauna
8. Endangered flora and fauna
9. Coastal flora and fauna
10. Mountain flora and fauna
Awed:
1. Truly awed
2. Deeply awed
3. Awed silence
4. Awed admiration
5. Awed wonder
6. Awed by the beauty
7. Awed by the talent
8. Awed by nature
9. Awed by the sight
10. Awed expression
Revered:
1. Highly revered
2. Revered tradition
3. Revered leader
4. Revered figure
5. Revered symbol
6. Revered shrine
7. Revered place
8. Revered ancestor
9. Revered teacher
10. Revered ceremony
504 words:
Most people agree that the weather is an important part of daily life. It influences everything from travel plans to how people dress. Yet few people understand the basic mechanisms that cause rain, wind, or other weather-related phenomena. Weather is affected by many factors, including atmospheric changes and jet streams. Understanding these factors has allowed scientists, called meteorologists, to study the weather and to be able to predict future weather patterns.
2 Almost all changes in the weather are triggered by variations in pressure and temperature in the atmosphere, the gaseous bubble that surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere is made up of many gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. The gases combine to form what is commonly called air. The atmosphere is divided into five layers: the exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. Each layer is distinct in temperature and molecular makeup. Most weather events occur in the troposphere. This is the lowest region of the atmosphere and extends approximately 13 kilometers above the surface of the Earth. Depending on the surface and the season, the temperature will either rise or drop. For example, during the summer, temperatures are typically higher because the area is closer to the sun. When the surface temperature increases, it causes the air molecules to expand and create a low pressure system. If a low pressure system is surrounded by a high pressure system, it will usually result in precipitation and other types of storms. Additionally, if two air masses of differing pressures meet, windy conditions are created.
3 Although changes in the troposphere are responsible for most climatic incidents, events in the stratosphere also affect the weather. The changes that occur in the stratosphere, the layer above the troposphere, are not well understood by meteorologists. Particularly important are jet streams, the air currents that flow eastward in the stratosphere. The jet stream flows between warm and cold air masses and indicates the location of an extreme contrast in surface temperature. In winter, the jet streams are stronger and can move at speeds of over 400 kilometers per hour because of the temperature contrast between arctic air and tropical air masses. On the other hand, the temperature gradient during the summer is much less pronounced and the jet streams are weaker. Jet streams are often responsible for pushing fronts through countries and for shifting storm systems.
4 As scientists began to discover the causes and effects of pressure changes and jet streams in the atmosphere, it was increasingly applied to weather forecasting. In the past, people in the United States and Canada anxiously waited for the appearance of folk forecaster Punxsutawney Phil. Phil, a groundhog, could supposedly predict how much longer winter would last. Although Groundhog Day is no longer seen as an important meteorological gauge, it demonstrates how people answered the need to understand and predict the weather. Now meteorologists observe the atmosphere and use various tools to help them create forecasts. The most basic of those are the thermometer, which measures temperature, and the barometer, which measures air pressure. Modern science has also provided meteorologists with advanced tools to determine and measure wind speed, wind direction, and humidity. Weather balloons, called radiosondes, are launched into the atmosphere and tracked by satellite systems to provide precise data for forecasters. Furthermore, different techniques have been developed for predicting the weather. The persistence method supposes that the weather will stay the same and is only effective for short-term forecasting. The numerical forecasting method takes advantage of the technology available and uses computers to compile data from numerous sources to create a model of the atmosphere. Finally, the ensemble method calculates averages to form models that are supported by past events. Despite improved technology, the accuracy of forecasts diminishes as the range of the forecast gets longer.
5 Weather forecasting has come about directly as a result of the improved understanding of the weather. Without knowledge of the atmosphere and jet streams, forecasters would be no better off than the groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil. Humans need to understand the weather for several reasons; it is an important natural force that affects human activities in many ways and moreover, drastic changes in weather patterns are indications of unrest in the atmosphere, such as global warming.
Sure, here are the words numbered along with their English and Persian meanings:
1. Gaseous - گازی
- English Meaning: Relating to or having the characteristics of a gas.
2. Incidents - حوادث
- English Meaning: Events or occurrences, typically ones that are noteworthy or unusual.
3. Groundhog - خرگوش زمینی
- English Meaning: A burrowing North American marmot, known for its habit of hibernating in winter.
4. Gauge - اندازهگیری کردن
- English Meaning: Estimate or determine the magnitude, amount, or volume of.
5. Compile - تدوین کردن
- English Meaning: Collect and assemble information or material.
6. Ensemble - گروه
- English Meaning: A group of items viewed as a whole rather than individually.
7. Drastic - دستخورده، شدید
- English Meaning: Likely to have a strong or far-reaching effect; radical and extreme.
Passage:
In the tranquil meadows of the countryside, where the air is crisp and gaseous, the groundhog emerges from its burrow, signaling the arrival of spring. As the sun rises higher in the sky, incidents of new life unfold all around, from the chirping of birds to the blossoming of flowers.
With each passing day, farmers gauge the temperature and compile data on rainfall, preparing for the planting season ahead. In the town square, an ensemble of musicians gathers to practice for the upcoming spring festival, their melodies filling the air with joy and anticipation.
But amidst the harmony, there lurks a sense of apprehension. The threat of drastic weather changes looms overhead, casting a shadow of uncertainty over the land. Yet, in the face of adversity, the community bands together, drawing strength from each other and the promise of brighter days ahead.
Sure, here are 10 collocations for each of the words:
1. Gaseous:
- Gaseous state
- Gaseous emissions
- Gaseous exchange
- Gaseous molecules
- Gaseous form
- Gaseous substance
- Gaseous atmosphere
- Gaseous phase
- Gaseous cloud
- Gaseous composition
2. Incidents:
- Traffic incidents
- Security incidents
- Violent incidents
- Minor incidents
- Criminal incidents
- Domestic incidents
- Reported incidents
- Recorded incidents
- Serious incidents
- Unfortunate incidents
3. Groundhog:
- Groundhog Day
- Groundhog burrow
- Groundhog prediction
- Famous groundhog
- Groundhog habitat
- Groundhog hole
- Groundhog sighting
- Groundhog shadow
- Groundhog festival
- Groundhog behavior
4. Gauge:
- Temperature gauge
- Pressure gauge
- Fuel gauge
- Water gauge
- Speed gauge
- Thickness gauge
- Rain gauge
- Depth gauge
- Air pressure gauge
- Fuel level gauge
5. Compile:
- Compile data
- Compile information
- Compile report
- Compile statistics
- Compile list
- Compile document
- Compile database
- Compile records
- Compile research
- Compile findings
6. Ensemble:
- Musical ensemble
- Acting ensemble
- Dance ensemble
- Fashion ensemble
- Jazz ensemble
- Choir ensemble
- Ensemble cast
- Ensemble performance
- Ensemble piece
- Ensemble playing
7. Drastic:
- Drastic measures
- Drastic changes
- Drastic action
- Drastic improvement
- Drastic consequences
- Drastic decline
- Drastic reduction
- Drastic decision
- Drastic steps
- Drastic effects
Understanding the weather is crucial for everyday life as it impacts our plans and how we dress. Yet, many people don't know what causes rain, wind, or other weather events. Scientists, called meteorologists, study the weather to predict future patterns. Changes in pressure and temperature in the atmosphere trigger most weather changes. The atmosphere is made up of different gases, forming layers like the troposphere where most weather events occur. Temperature changes cause air molecules to expand, creating low-pressure systems that can lead to precipitation and storms. Additionally, jet streams in the stratosphere affect weather by flowing between warm and cold air masses. These streams are crucial for forecasting weather accurately. Modern meteorologists use various tools, such as thermometers and satellites, to predict weather. Despite technological advancements, forecasting accuracy decreases with longer timeframes. Understanding weather patterns helps us plan our activities and respond to changes, such as those linked to global warming. By compiling data from various sources and gauging the impact of gaseous emissions on climate change, meteorologists can create an ensemble of information to make drastic predictions based on past incidents, like a seasoned groundhog forecasting the seasons.
504 words:
Because of their terrific eruptions and mysterious power, volcanoes were often the center of ancient myths. Research has since dispelled the mythology of volcanoes, and scientists have developed theories about volcano development and the reasons why they erupt. Furthermore, they have also discovered why volcanoes are not uniform in physical appearance.
2 Volcanoes are not created as a result of a sole event but their astonishing formation is closely tied to movements of the tectonic plates that cover the planet. If the Earth were an egg, the shell would be representative of the crust and the egg itself would be analogous to the mantle. When this shell is shifted, parts of it collapse and expose the mantle beneath. When this happens to the Earth, hot magma from the mantle flows freely from the separated plates and cools to form new crust; hence explaining how volcanoes form along divergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes located along divergent plates erupt frequently and usually result in the creation of volcanic islands. Volcanoes also form through subduction-when tectonic plates come together and one plate is forcibly pushed under another. When the bottom plate comes into contact with the mantle, it melts and seeks an outlet for excess magma on the surface. Another type of volcano is created far from plate edges, over areas of intense pressure called hotspots. Sometimes magma from the mantle develops pressure-filled columns that eventually rise and vent on the surface. Hotspots remain stationary as the plate continues to shift above it, which means that the volcanoes eventually become extinct and that other volcanoes will come into being as the plate shifts. The most recent type of volcano was discovered in 2006. It develops over areas called petitspots, which are created when cracks in tectonic plates appear far from a boundary, thus allowing magma to flow freely from the cracks in the plate.
3 Just as volcanoes are formed through different processes, they also exhibit distinctive physical features. The most commonly and easily recognized are called volcanic cones, which are cone-shaped and exhibit a large bowl-shaped vent at the top. Volcanic cones form when rock fragments known as ejecta are expelled from the vent and then harden around the vent to create a cone. A stratovolcano is another type of volcano that is characterized by very steep sides. Stratovolcanoes exist along convergent tectonic plates and are comprised of many layers of hardened lava and ash. These volcanoes erupt sporadically and have very viscous lava, which hardens quickly. Next, shield volcanoes-or lava mounds-are formed by quiet eruptions that ooze large amounts of liquid lava which spread out in flat layers and accumulate to form sloping sides that resemble a shield, hence the name. Shield volcanoes form above hotspots and along divergent plate boundaries. Finally, supervolcanoes are large dangerous volcanoes that can cause massive destruction and climatic changes. They have a large caldera, or crater, and release ash and sulfur.
A good example of a supervolcanoe is Krakatoa, a volcanic island in the South Pacific. Although extremely active for ages, its most destructive blast occurred in 1883. Beginning in May, scientists recorded heavy seismic activity and when it finally erupted in August, two-thirds of the island was completely destroyed. There were actually four eruptions; the last is thought to have been the loudest sound ever heard by humans. The consequences of the eruption were varied: shortly after, tsunamis occurred on coasts as far away as Africa, and the average global temperature decreased by approximately two degrees in the years that followed. A majority of the destruction on the island was caused by fast pyroclastic flows, similar to those that destroyed Pompeii in 70 CE when Mount Vesuvius erupted in Italy. In Sicily, the famously active Mount Etna destroyed the town of Nicolosi in 1669.
5 The destructive history of volcanoes has hardly lessened the general interest in them. By studying volcanoes, scientists have learned more about the Earth. Furthermore, because of their relation to other seismic activities, observation of volcanoes has led to insights that may help save lives in the event of another violent eruption such as that of Krakatoa.
1. dispelled (حذف شده): The English meaning is to make something disappear or go away.
2. astonishing (شگفتآور): The English meaning is causing great surprise or amazement.
3. analogous (مشابه): The English meaning is comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of the things compared.
4. divergent (متمایز): The English meaning is tending to be different or develop in different directions.
5. subduction (زیرشیبی): The English meaning is the process by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate.
6. melts (ذوب میکند): The English meaning is to become liquefied by heat.
7. vent (تخلیه): The English meaning is an opening that allows air, gas, or liquid to pass out of or into a confined space.
8. petitspots (نقاط کوچک): There is no direct English meaning for "petitspots." It seems to be a term specific to a certain context or domain.
9. steep (شیبدار): The English meaning is rising or falling sharply; nearly perpendicular.
10. convergent (همگرا): The English meaning is coming closer together, especially in characteristics or ideas.
11. sporadically (گاهی): The English meaning is occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.
12. viscous (لجنی): The English meaning is having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid; having a high viscosity.
13. caldera (کلدرا): The English meaning is a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.
14. crater (زمین لغزنده): The English meaning is a large bowl-shaped cavity in the ground or on the surface of a planet or the moon, typically one caused by an explosion or the impact of a meteorite.
15. pyroclastic (آذرینه): The English meaning is relating to, consisting of, or denoting fragments of rock erupted by a volcano.
Beautiful Passage:
As I stood at the edge of the caldera, the enormity of the scene before me was astonishing. The steep walls of the crater, analogous to ancient amphitheaters, encircled a vast expanse of rugged terrain. Wisps of steam rose from vents sporadically scattered across the landscape, evidence of the subduction of tectonic plates beneath the earth's surface. The viscous lava, once molten and fiery, now hardened into rocky formations, petrified in time. Divergent paths led my gaze across the terrain, each telling a unique story of geological history. The pyroclastic remnants of past eruptions peppered the landscape like petitspots of ancient fury, reminding me of the volatile power hidden beneath the Earth's crust. Yet, despite the dangers, there was a serene beauty to this place, dispelling any fear with its raw, natural splendor. It was a convergence of elements, where the forces of nature sculpted the land with their timeless dance, creating a spectacle that left me in awe of the wonders of our planet.
Sure, here are 10 collocations for each word:
1. dispelled:
- dispelled doubts
- dispelled fears
- dispelled rumors
- dispelled misconceptions
- dispelled illusions
- dispelled myths
- dispelled darkness
- dispelled worries
- dispelled negativity
- dispelled confusion
2. astonishing:
- astonishing beauty
- astonishing speed
- astonishing performance
- astonishing results
- astonishing discovery
- astonishing success
- astonishing talent
- astonishing transformation
- astonishing achievement
- astonishing accuracy
3. analogous:
- analogous situation
- analogous example
- analogous concept
- analogous structure
- analogous process
- analogous behavior
- analogous phenomenon
- analogous idea
- analogous relationship
- analogous approach
4. divergent:
- divergent opinions
- divergent paths
- divergent viewpoints
- divergent trends
- divergent interests
- divergent cultures
- divergent strategies
- divergent interpretations
- divergent outcomes
- divergent perspectives
5. subduction:
- subduction zone
- subduction process
- subduction boundary
- subduction trench
- subduction earthquake
- subduction slab
- subduction mechanism
- subduction dynamics
- subduction rates
- subduction activity
6. melts:
- melts quickly
- melts slowly
- melts easily
- melts effortlessly
- melts completely
- melts gradually
- melts rapidly
- melts under pressure
- melts in heat
- melts in water
7. vent:
- vent frustrations
- vent anger
- vent feelings
- vent emotions
- vent steam
- vent exhaust
- vent heat
- vent air
- vent gas
- vent smoke
8. petitspots:
- petitspots of color
- petitspots of light
- petitspots of paint
- petitspots of ink
- petitspots of brilliance
- petitspots of joy
- petitspots of happiness
- petitspots of flavor
- petitspots of beauty
- petitspots of creativity
9. steep:
- steep hill
- steep slope
- steep climb
- steep incline
- steep drop
- steep descent
- steep grade
- steep cost
- steep price
- steep learning curve
10. convergent:
- convergent evolution
- convergent boundary
- convergent thinking
- convergent validity
- convergent lens
- convergent series
- convergent technology
- convergent trend
- convergent strategy
- convergent approach
11. sporadically:
- sporadically occurring
- sporadically available
- sporadically distributed
- sporadically present
- sporadically seen
- sporadically found
- sporadically used
- sporadically occurring events
- sporadically updated
- sporadically occurring phenomena
12. viscous:
- viscous fluid
- viscous liquid
- viscous material
- viscous solution
- viscous consistency
- viscous flow
- viscous behavior
- viscous substance
- viscous property
- viscous resistance
13. caldera:
- caldera volcano
- caldera rim
- caldera lake
- caldera formation
- caldera wall
- caldera collapse
- caldera floor
- caldera eruption
- caldera formation process
- caldera landscape
14. crater:
- crater formation
- crater lake
- crater rim
- crater floor
- crater size
- crater shape
- crater depth
- crater impact
- crater diameter
- crater wall
15. pyroclastic:
- pyroclastic flow
- pyroclastic eruption
- pyroclastic material
- pyroclastic debris
- pyroclastic cloud
- pyroclastic activity
- pyroclastic layer
- pyroclastic ash
- pyroclastic rock
- pyroclastic event
504 words:
It is believed that ancient humans were nomadic and subsisted by hunting and gathering, which means they did not settle in one area but traveled constantly in search of food. When the hunting and gathering model was abandoned, it allowed humans to form permanent societies. At the center of those societies was agriculture, the art and science of cultivating plants and animals for human consumption. Evidence found in southwest Asia suggests that the Mesopotamians began cultivating plants as early as 9500 BCE. Agricultural principles spread across the globe in a relatively short amount of time and soon different cultures employed agriculture in some form for food production. Agricultural techniques vary from culture to culture and are usually specially formulated to best suit particular environments.
2 Imagine the rocky stretch of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. Towering Saguaro cacti dot the landscape and in the distance, one sees a thriving farm. Although it seems misplaced, Native Americans have been farming in the dry desert since as early as 760 CE. Dubbed the Sinagua-without water-by Spanish explorers, this area is tended by Native Americans that rely on annual monsoon rains and well-planned planting seasons to grow beans, squash, and maize. This is but one example of desert or arid-zone farming. Although deserts appear to be barren, they actually have some of the most fertile soils because there is very little water pr to wash away nutrients. Some cultures have found ways to use the land for planting without water, but modern desert agriculture is heavily dependent on irrigation, which replaces natural rainfall through a n of systems. Several ancient cultures dug irrigation ditches and canals to supply farms with water. Modern farms often transport water from distant water sources via pipes and use sprinkler systems to distribute the water. The development of irrigation has promoted agricultural growth in regions that otherwise could not sustain crops. However, there have been arguments made opposing some methods of irrigation. For example, when irrigation water evaporates due to the desert heat, it leaves salt on the soil. Since crops cannot grow on salty soil, the area is no longer suitable for farming.
3 In other areas of the world, the lack of water is not a problem. In ancient China, receding waters from flooded rivers left fish trapped in temporary artificial lakes. The Chinese would feed the fish until they grew large enough to eat. This practice is a branch of agriculture known as aquaculture. Over the centuries, different cultures used aquaculture to breed fish, shellfish, and even kelp. During the fourteenth century, Europeans conceived a process called pond fertilization, by which plankton growth was induced by the addition of manure in the water and used as a food source for the fish. This form of feeding is still used in some modern hatcheries, but in others, a formulated feed has replaced the pond fertilization process. Aquaculture has proved to be commercially successful in the twenty-first century and fish are now grown in farms in China, India, Japan, and Vietnam.
4 The terrestrial equivalent of aquaculture is called animal husbandry. A variety of domesticated animals, or livestock, are raised across the globe in conjunction with plants for human consumption, though in some areas, raising animals is the only option because the terrain simply will not support any crops.
5 The dry and rocky land of Pakistan, for example, cannot host any crops or most animals, with the exception of sheep. Pakistan is home to almost 25 million fat-tailed sheep that are mostly used for milk. It is their coarse wool, however, that is used extensively in Pakistan for making rugs. Carpets and rugs make up one of the top export commodities in Pakistan. Mutton-type sheep, which are used for their meat, are also raised in Pakistan.
The history of agriculture shows how it quickly developed over a relatively short amount of time. This demonstrates the significant impact of agriculture on humans. Furthermore, agriculture has impacted and will continue to impact humans as it advances. Modern agricultural techniques vary and are usually adapted to take advantage of the environment where they are practiced, be it a region that does not receive a lot of rainfall, an area that perhaps receives too much rain, or terrain that is too rocky to support crops.
1. Nomadic - روستایی
English meaning: Relating to or characteristic of nomads; wandering from place to place.
2. Subsisted - زنده ماندن
English meaning: Maintained oneself at a minimal level; survived.
3. Permanent - دائمی
English meaning: Lasting or intended to last indefinitely; not temporary.
4. Consumption - مصرف
English meaning: The using up of a resource; the act of consuming.
5. Rocky stretch - منطقه سنگی
English meaning: A continuous area of land characterized by rocks or rocky terrain.
6. Dubbed - نامگذاری
English meaning: Named or called in a particular way.
7. Squash - کدو
English meaning: A plant of the gourd family, or its fruit, which is typically large and orange-yellow when ripe.
8. Maize - ذرت
English meaning: A tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears; widely cultivated in America in many varieties.
9. Barren - بیثمر
English meaning: Not able to produce offspring; lacking vegetation or fertility.
10. Fertile - حاصلخیز
English meaning: Capable of producing abundant vegetation or crops; productive.
11. Sprinkler - اسپریکن
English meaning: A device used to distribute liquid or sprinkle water over a surface.
12. Aquaculture - آبزیپروری
English meaning: The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.
13. Conceived - تصور شدن
English meaning: Formed or devised in the mind; imagined.
14. Induced - تحریک شده
English meaning: Brought about or caused; influenced or persuaded.
15. Manure - کود
English meaning: Organic material used as fertilizer, such as compost or dung.
16. Hatcheries - مرغداری
English meaning: A place where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish or poultry.
17. Terrestrial - زمینی
English meaning: Relating to the Earth or its inhabitants; living or growing on land.
18. Coarse wool - پشم خشن
English meaning: Wool that is rough or coarse in texture.
Beautiful Passage:
In the vast expanse of the nomadic lands, where the rocky stretches meet the horizon, there existed a tribe that subsisted on the bounty of the earth. They wandered across the barren plains, their permanent homes carried with them in the form of tents woven from coarse wool. Dubbed as the Children of the Wind, they thrived amidst the challenges of their environment.
Their livelihood depended on the consumption of what nature offered generously. Maize and squash, cultivated in fertile patches amidst the rocky terrain, sustained them through the harsh seasons. With ingenuity, they devised aquaculture systems, nurturing fish in improvised hatcheries fed by the waters of nearby streams.
The concept of fertility was not limited to the land alone; it extended to their minds as well. Ideas were conceived, nurtured, and induced into reality through collective effort and unwavering determination. Manure from their livestock enriched the soil, ensuring a continuous cycle of growth and sustenance.
As the sun dipped below the terrestrial horizon, the sprinklers came to life, casting droplets of water upon the fields, a ritual of renewal and hope. In this vast tapestry of existence, the nomads found beauty in the simplest of things, their lives intertwined with the rhythms of nature, forever bound to the land they called home.
Certainly! Here are five collocations for each word:
1. Nomadic:
- Nomadic lifestyle
- Nomadic tribes
- Nomadic herders
- Nomadic culture
- Nomadic traditions
2. Subsisted:
- Subsisted on rice and beans
- Subsisted by hunting and gathering
- Subsisted on a meager income
- Subsisted in harsh conditions
- Subsisted without electricity
3. Permanent:
- Permanent residency
- Permanent marker
- Permanent fixture
- Permanent solution
- Permanent record
4. Consumption:
- Consumption of resources
- Consumption habits
- Consumption patterns
- Consumption of food
- Consumption of energy
5. Rocky stretch:
- Rocky stretch of coastline
- Rocky stretch of desert
- Rocky stretch of road
- Rocky stretch of terrain
- Rocky stretch of riverbed
6. Dubbed:
- Dubbed as the "Queen City"
- Dubbed the greatest of all time
- Dubbed a hero
- Dubbed the new sensation
- Dubbed the official language
7. Squash:
- Squash soup
- Squash court
- Squash match
- Squash player
- Squash harvest
8. Maize:
- Maize fields
- Maize crop
- Maize harvest
- Maize tortillas
- Maize cultivation
9. Barren:
- Barren landscape
- Barren desert
- Barren wasteland
- Barren rock
- Barren field
10. Fertile:
- Fertile soil
- Fertile ground
- Fertile farmland
- Fertile imagination
- Fertile period
11. Sprinkler:
- Sprinkler system
- Sprinkler head
- Sprinkler repair
- Sprinkler installation
- Sprinkler maintenance
12. Aquaculture:
- Aquaculture industry
- Aquaculture farm
- Aquaculture production
- Aquaculture research
- Aquaculture techniques
13. Conceived:
- Conceived an idea
- Conceived a plan
- Conceived a child
- Conceived a project
- Conceived a strategy
14. Induced:
- Induced labor
- Induced coma
- Induced vomiting
- Induced pluripotent stem cells
- Induced magnetic field
15. Manure:
- Manure pile
- Manure spreader
- Manure compost
- Manure fertilizer
- Manure management
16. Hatcheries:
- Hatcheries for fish
- Hatcheries for poultry
- Hatcheries for reptiles
- Hatcheries for insects
- Hatcheries for crustaceans
17. Terrestrial:
- Terrestrial ecosystem
- Terrestrial animals
- Terrestrial planets
- Terrestrial radio
- Terrestrial habitat
18. Coarse wool:
- Coarse wool sweater
- Coarse wool fabric
- Coarse wool yarn
- Coarse wool blanket
- Coarse wool coat
504 words:
The gifts of Mother Nature are often exalted but that is not to say that she cannot be cruel. Extreme weather conditions negatively affect human populations and have the potential of causing large-scale devastation. One such example is drought. A drought is a prolonged interlude of below-average rainfall which often leads to agricultural failure and famine, especially in areas that do not have the political or social institutions to protect themselves from the effects of drought.
2 Droughts are caused by different climatic events. Some are short-term dry spells induced by meteorological abnormalities such as El Niño. El Niño is a term for the global meteorological phenomenon which occurs once every four years. It is characterized by temperature variations in the Pacific Ocean's water currents. The current of warm water has significant effects on weather worldwide and wreaks havoc on typical weather patterns. Dry areas in the southwest United States are hit with heavy storms which can cause flooding. In Asia, regions that are accustomed to a certain amount of rain are plagued with drought. The effects of El Niño are relatively short-lived and customary weather patterns resume after water temperatures return to normal. Nevertheless, some regions in the world are simply prone to drought due to permanent geographic features, like mountains. When moisture-laden air is unable to move over mountains, the land on the other side normally receives little or no rainfall.
A number of solutions appeared to aid drought-stricken areas. A combination of monitoring and water conservation has often helped extend resources until the spell passes. For example, local governments will often place restrictions on water usage during the day, when moisture more likely to evaporate and lead to inefficient use. Additionally, farmers are often advised to plant certain drought-resistant crops-such as corn and sorghum-in order to reduce agricultural losses. Furthermore, with the advent of genetically modified foods (GMOs), genetic engineers can create breeds of crops that are drought-tolerant. Despite the available avenues for minimizing the negative effects of drought, protracted periods without precipitation can eventually lead to a dangerous reduction in food supply, resulting in famine.
Famine has occurred on every continent. In some areas, such as Africa, it seems to be a chronic problem. In the Sahara Desert, it seems that drought should be a natural part of life. However, most sociologists agree that drought is hardly ever the sole cause of famine. In an age of advanced technology, famine has theoretically been eradicated by developments in agriculture, meaning that the production of food worldwide should be enough to feed the entire population of the world. The problem, then, is distribution of food. According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen, the modern global economy has shifted the focus of local agriculture from subsistence, or creating enough to survive, to profit. Instead of raising crops that local populations can consume, farmers grow cash crops such as coffee or cotton. This economic shift has had a deadly effect on many African countries. For example, in 1973 a famine struck the northeastern province of Wollo in Ethiopia. The problem that ensued from the Wollo famine was not the lack of food but that the food was being shipped out of the province to other areas where it would be worth more.
$ Another common factor in many African famines is political instability. After African nations gained freedom from colonial powers, there were no political models for creating new governments. This often led to the rise of harsh and corrupt dictators. The dictators used cruel methods to control their people and often did not act in the face of national disaster. Such was the case in Sudan during a famine that occurred in the mid-1980s. Under the rule of President Gaafar Nimeiry, Sudan suffered a drought that caused significant agricultural and economic losses. President Nimeiry responded by denying that there was food shortage and doing nothing while 250,000 of his countrymen died.
⚫ Drought may be a product of Mother Nature, but famine in the modern age has a distinctive human face. As has been demonstrated in Africa, drought may initiate processes that cause food shortages. However, famine will not usually proceed unless it is coupled with political and economic factors.
1. Exalted - متعال (Mat'āl) - Elevated; High in rank or status.
2. Cruel - ظالم (Ẓālim) - Willfully causing pain or suffering to others.
3. Devastation - ویرانی (Vīrānī) - Severe destruction or damage.
4. Interlude - وسوسه (Waswase) - A pause or break in continuity; an intervening period of time.
5. Wreak - ویرانی کردن (Vīrānī kardan) - To cause damage or harm, especially in a violent or reckless manner.
6. Havoc - ویرانی (Vīrānī) - Widespread destruction or chaos.
7. Plagued - مبتلا کردن (Mobtala kardan) - Afflicted or troubled persistently.
8. Prone - مستعد (Mosta'ad) - Likely to suffer from or do something undesirable.
9. Drought-stricken - خشکسالیزده (Khoshksālīzade) - Affected by a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall.
10. Sorghum - جوار (Javār) - A cereal grain used for food and animal feed.
11. Protracted - دراز (Darāz) - Extended in time; prolonged.
12. Eradicated - از بین بردن (Az bin bardan) - Completely destroyed or eliminated.
13. Struck - ضربه زدن (Zarb zadan) - Past tense of "strike," to hit forcibly or violently.
14. Initiate - شروع کردن (Shorū' kardan) - To begin or start; to introduce someone to a particular activity or skill.
Passage:
In the midst of an exalted mountain range, where the air was crisp and pure, a cruel drought wreaked havoc upon the once lush valleys below. Devastation spread like wildfire, leaving interludes of despair in its wake. The people, plagued by famine and thirst, were prone to despair. Their once bountiful fields of sorghum now stood withered and barren, victims of the protracted dry spell.
In the face of such adversity, a plan was initiated to combat the relentless drought. Communities banded together, determined to eradicate the suffering that had struck their land. With perseverance and unity, they worked tirelessly to restore life to their drought-stricken fields. Slowly but surely, the tide began to turn, and hope blossomed once more amidst the desolation.
Through their collective efforts, the people not only overcame the immediate crisis but also emerged stronger and more resilient than before. Their unwavering spirit in the face of hardship served as a beacon of inspiration to all who witnessed their triumph over adversity.
Certainly! Here are 10 collocations for each of the words you provided:
1. Exalted:
- Exalted status
- Exalted position
- Exalted being
- Exalted level
- Exalted figure
- Exalted state
- Exalted rank
- Exalted throne
- Exalted dignity
- Exalted honor
2. Cruel:
- Cruel fate
- Cruel twist
- Cruel joke
- Cruel punishment
- Cruel person
- Cruel intention
- Cruel act
- Cruel dictator
- Cruel reality
- Cruel treatment
3. Devastation:
- Devastation caused
- Devastation wrought
- Devastation left behind
- Devastation of war
- Devastation of nature
- Devastation aftermath
- Devastation and destruction
- Devastation and loss
- Devastation and ruin
- Devastation and chaos
4. Interlude:
- Musical interlude
- Short interlude
- Brief interlude
- Romantic interlude
- Peaceful interlude
- Relaxing interlude
- Interlude of calm
- Interlude of silence
- Dramatic interlude
- Unexpected interlude
5. Wreak:
- Wreak havoc
- Wreak vengeance
- Wreak havoc upon
- Wreak destruction
- Wreak havoc and chaos
- Wreak violence
- Wreak mayhem
- Wreak havoc on
- Wreak havoc and devastation
- Wreak havoc and destruction
6. Havoc:
- Wreak havoc
- Reek havoc and chaos
- Havoc wreaked
- Havoc unleashed
- Chaos and havoc
- wreaking havoc
- Havoc caused
- Havoc and destruction
- Creating havoc
- Inflicting havoc
7. Plagued:
- Plagued by problems
- Plagued with issues
- Plagued by disease
- Plagued by misfortune
- Plagued by doubts
- Plagued by nightmares
- Plagued by disasters
- Plagued by difficulties
- Plagued with challenges
- Plagued by errors
8. Prone:
- Prone position
- Prone to accidents
- Prone to mistakes
- Prone to illness
- Prone to errors
- Prone to failure
- Prone to infections
- Prone to risks
- Prone to danger
- Prone to fluctuations
9. Drought-stricken:
- Drought-stricken area
- Drought-stricken region
- Drought-stricken land
- Drought-stricken country
- Drought-stricken village
- Drought-stricken farm
- Drought-stricken crops
- Drought-stricken fields
- Drought-stricken community
- Drought-stricken conditions
10. Sorghum:
- Sorghum fields
- Sorghum crop
- Sorghum production
- Sorghum plant
- Sorghum farming
- Sorghum harvest
- Sorghum cultivation
- Sorghum grain
- Sorghum flour
- Sorghum varieties
11. Protracted:
- Protracted conflict
- Protracted negotiations
- Protracted war
- Protracted struggle
- Protracted process
- Protracted battle
- Protracted discussion
- Protracted dispute
- Protracted delay
- Protracted court case
12. Eradicated:
- Eradicated disease
- Eradicated pests
- Eradicated completely
- Eradicated problem
- Eradicated once and for all
- Eradicated from the world
- Eradicated virus
- Eradicated bacteria
- Eradicated threat
- Eradicated species
13. Struck:
- Struck by lightning
- Struck by tragedy
- Struck with grief
- Struck by disaster
- Struck by misfortune
- Struck by illness
- Struck by love
- Struck by sorrow
- Struck by fear
- Struck by poverty
14. Initiate:
- Initiate action
- Initiate change
- Initiate process
- Initiate program
- Initiate project
- Initiate movement
- Initiate plan
- Initiate idea
- Initiate contact
- Initiate discussion
504 words:
When European explorers first came into contact with the native peoples of Polynesia and North America, they had no idea of the rich cultures they had stumbled upon. Located thousands of kilometers away from each other, Polynesian and Native American cultures are undoubtedly different. Despite their differences, however, both societies are similar in regard to their original settlement and their sad histories following the arrival of Europeans.
2 The origins of both cultures have been the subject of lingering debate. A commonly held theory in the scientific community is that humans did not evolve in either the Americas or on the Polynesian islands. This suggests that indigenous people must have traveled from other areas of the world. Different theories have been proposed to explain the origins of Native Americans. The most widespread belief is that Native Americans walked from Siberia to the North American continent over fifteen thousand years ago. Upon reaching the Americas, the newcomers spread throughout North and South America. This theory is supported by recent genetic research, which has linked the DNA of Native Americans to that of ancient Siberians. Additionally, linguists have proven that several Native American languages are related to the languages spoken in Siberia. 3 Meanwhile, Polynesian and Maori cultures developed after people from Southeast Asia settled on the Pacific islands. Archeological findings and oral history prove that people first arrived on the Polynesian islands in 1800 BCE. As adept navigators and seafarers, they began to travel to nearby islands as their populations exploded. Since they had no economic reason for speaking the same language throughout the islands, different Polynesian tribes formed distinct languages, though all of them have roots in Malayo-Polynesian languages. For example, the name for the Maori means normal or common. Similar words have been noted in other Polynesian languages as well. Additionally, like the Native Americans, DNA has been an important tool in determining the genetic origins of Polynesian groups. Common genetic strains have connected peoples of Polynesia to those in Taiwan.
4 From the time of their initial settlement until the arrival of Europeans, both the Native Americans and Polynesians developed cultures and traditions that were very much their own. European colonists, however, were blind to the traditions. Their actions showed a disregard for the native peoples, and they almost succeeded in eliminating both cultures. Indeed, the history of both peoples after European arrival reads like pages from the same book. The first encounter with Europeans for each of the cultures occurred about 100 years apart. The initial reaction of the natives was one of amazement. The Europeans astounded them with the novel items they brought with them. But in addition to their trinkets, the Europeans also brought disease. Some of the most fatal imports were measles, smallpox, and malaria. Never having been exposed to European maladies, the natives had no immunity defense. As a result, they began to die in huge numbers. It is estimated that up to 50 percent of the Maori peoples died from European diseases. Some tribes were completely killed while others barely survived the epidemics. The small populations that remained then had to battle the territorial expansion of the Europeans. Although both peoples had a very strong bond to the land, they did not conceive of ownership the way Europeans did. That does not mean there were no understood tribal territories. For example, the Maori term Tangata whenua literally means "people of the land." It was used to describe which land belonged to a tribe. Regardless, the Europeans established ownership of regions on which Native Americans and Polynesians lived and hunted. The natives were forced to live in unfamiliar areas, which were often already claimed by other tribes. For societies already weakened by disease, being forced from their land was a death knell for their ways of life and traditions.
5 To lump together the indigenous cultures of the Americas and Polynesia does a huge disservice to the remarkable developments of each. In trying to avoid gross generalizations, however, one cannot deny that both societies share similarities. One similarity worth celebrating is the revival of indigenous traditions among both peoples, which will help keep both Native American and Polynesian cultures alive for generations to
come.
disservice
lump
conceive
territorial
maladies
trinkets
astounded
seafarers
adept
stumbled
Once upon a time in a small coastal village, there lived a young couple whose love story was a tale of overcoming obstacles and embracing uniqueness. The villagers often viewed their relationship as a disservice to their traditions, seeing the pair as a lump on the otherwise smooth fabric of their society.
Despite the territorial attitudes of the townspeople, the couple continued to conceive dreams of a future filled with love and understanding. They saw beyond the maladies of prejudice and narrow-mindedness, treasuring their bond like rare trinkets in a world of conformity.
Their love for each other astounded even the most seasoned seafarers who visited the village, witnessing the depth of their connection. The couple proved to be adept at navigating through the rough waters of societal expectations, never letting anything come between them.
One day, as they walked along the shore hand in hand, they stumbled upon a hidden cove known only to the most adventurous souls. In that secluded spot, they found solace in each other's arms, knowing that their love was a treasure worth more than any gem.
Their story spread beyond the village, inspiring others to break free from the confines of tradition and embrace love in all its forms. And as the sun set over the horizon, painting the sky in hues of orange and pink, the couple stood together, knowing that their love would always guide them through any storm that life may bring.
1. Disloyalty - بی وفایی
2. Lump - توده / گوه
3. Conceive - باردار شدن / تصور کردن
4. Territorial - مربوط به قلمرو
5. Maladies - بیماریها / بد بیماریها
6. Trinkets - جواهرات کوچک / زیورات
7. Astounded - حیرت زده / شگفتزده
8. Seafarers - دریانوردان
9. Adept - ماهر / تجربه کافی دارنده
10. Stumbled - درننداختن / لغزیدن
English meanings:
1. Disloyalty - Betrayal of trust or a harmful act
2. Lump - A compact mass of a substance
3. Conceive - To become pregnant or to form a plan or idea in the mind
4. Territorial - Relating to territory or belonging to a particular territory
5. Maladies - Illnesses or problems
6. Trinkets - Small ornaments or decorations
7. Astounded - Filled with amazement or astonishment
8. Seafarers - People who travel by sea
9. Adept - Skilled or proficient at something
10. Stumbled - To trip or lose one's balance while walking
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English
Upper Intermediate