ENGLISH GRAMMAR

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Step 1: Understanding Sentence Structure Before diving into grammar rules, let's understand the basic structure of an English sentence. 1. Components of a Sentence A sentence in English usually has these parts: 1. Subject – Who or what the sentence is about. 2. Verb – The action or state of being. 3. Object (optional) – The receiver of the action.

Examples: She (subject) writes (verb) a letter (object). They (subject) are (verb) happy.

2. Types of Sentences There are four types of sentences based on function: 1. Declarative (statement) – "I love reading books." 2. Interrogative (question) – "Do you like coffee?" 3. Imperative (command/request) – "Please close the door." 4. Exclamatory (strong emotion) – "What a beautiful place!"

Practice Task 1. Identify the subject and verb in these sentences: The dog barks loudly. My mother cooks delicious food. 2. Create one sentence of each type (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory).

Step 2: Parts of Speech There are eight parts of speech in English: 1. Noun – Names of people, places, things, or ideas. Example: Shraddha loves music. 2. Pronoun – Words that replace nouns. Example: She is a great singer.

3. Verb – Action or state of being. Example: She sings beautifully. 4. Adjective – Describes a noun. Example: She has a beautiful voice.

5. Adverb – Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Example: She sings beautifully. 6. Preposition – Shows the relationship between a noun and another word. Example: The book is on the table.

7. Conjunction – Connects words, phrases, or clauses. Example: She loves tea, but I prefer coffee. 8. Interjection – Expresses emotions. Example: Wow! That’s amazing.

Practice Task 1. Identify the parts of speech in this sentence: "Rohan quickly finished his delicious meal and left." 2. Create one sentence using each part of speech.

Step 3: Nouns in Detail A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. 1. Types of Nouns Nouns are categorized into different types: 1. Common Noun – General names of people, places, or things. Example: city, dog, book

2. Proper Noun – Specific names of people, places, or things (always capitalized). Example: Mumbai, Shraddha, The Taj Mahal 3. Countable Noun – Things that can be counted. Example: apple, chair, cat

4. Uncountable Noun – Things that cannot be counted individually. Example: water, sugar, information 5. Concrete Noun – Things that can be touched, seen, or sensed. Example: table, perfume, phone

6. Abstract Noun – Ideas, emotions, or qualities that cannot be touched. Example: love, happiness, bravery 7. Collective Noun – A word that refers to a group of people or things. Example: team, bunch, flock

Practice Task 1. Identify the types of nouns in this sentence: "Rahul bought a bunch of flowers for his mother to show his love." 2. Create one sentence using: A proper noun A collective noun An abstract noun

Step 4: Singular and Plural Nouns A noun can be singular (one) or plural (more than one). 1. Regular Plural Nouns Most nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es. Car → Cars Box → Boxes

2. Irregular Plural Nouns Some nouns do not follow the regular pattern. Man → Men Child → Children Tooth → Teeth

3. Uncountable Nouns (No Plural Form) Some nouns do not have a plural form because they cannot be counted. Water (❌ Waters) Advice (❌ Advices)

Practice Task 1. Convert these singular nouns into plural: Knife, Mouse, Child, City, Tomato 2. Identify whether these nouns are countable or uncountable: Milk, Chair, Happiness, Books, Air

Step 5: Possessive Nouns A possessive noun shows that something belongs to someone or something. 1. Singular Possessive Add 's to a singular noun. The boy's book (The book belongs to the boy.) Shraddha's phone (The phone belongs to Shraddha.)

2. Plural Possessive If the plural noun ends in -s, just add an ' at the end. The teachers' room (The room belongs to multiple teachers.) The dogs' tails (The tails belong to multiple dogs.) If the plural noun does not end in -s, add 's. Children's toys (The toys belong to the children.) Men's jackets (The jackets belong to men.)

Practice Task 1. Rewrite these phrases using possessive nouns: The bike of Rahul The books of the students The house of my parents The toys of the babies

Step 6: Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun to avoid repetition. 1. Types of Pronouns 1. Personal Pronouns – Replace specific people or things. Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them Example: She loves music. (Instead of "Shraddha loves music.")

2. Possessive Pronouns – Show ownership. mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs Example: This book is mine.

3. Reflexive Pronouns – Used when the subject and object are the same. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves Example: I made this cake myself.

4. Demonstrative Pronouns – Point to specific things. this, that, these, those Example: This is my bag.

5. Interrogative Pronouns – Used to ask questions. who, whom, whose, which, what Example: Who is calling?

6. Relative Pronouns – Connect clauses to a noun. who, whom, whose, which, that Example: The girl who won the race is my friend.

7. Indefinite Pronouns – Refer to people or things without being specific. someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, anything Example: Someone left their bag here.

Practice Task 1. Identify the pronouns in this sentence and their types: "She gave herself a break because she was tired."

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns: ___ (He/His) is my best friend. This pen is ___ (mine/my). ___ (Who/Which) is your teacher? They enjoyed ___ (themselves/their) at the party.

Step 7: Verbs A verb is a word that expresses an action, a state, or an occurrence. 1. Types of Verbs 1. Action Verbs – Show physical or mental actions. Example: She runs every morning. Example: He thinks deeply.

2. Linking Verbs – Connect the subject to a description. Example: She is happy. Common linking verbs: is, am, are, was, were, seem, appear, become

3. Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs – Help the main verb express tense or mood. Example: She has finished her work. Common helping verbs: be (is, am, are, was, were), have (has, had), do (does, did), can, will, shall, may, must

4. Transitive Verbs – Need an object to complete their meaning. Example: She wrote a letter. (Letter = object)

5. Intransitive Verbs – Do not need an object. Example: He sleeps peacefully.

Practice Task 1. Identify the verbs and their types in this sentence: "She is writing a letter and seems happy."

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb: He ___ (is/are) my best friend. They ___ (write/writes) emails daily. The baby ___ (cries/cry) a lot.